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    <TD><B>
      <P align=3Dleft>Henry Ford and His Employees: Work with =
Soy</P></B>
      <P align=3Dleft><B>A Special Exhibit - The History of Soy Pioneers =
Around=20
      the World - Unpublished Manuscript</B></P>
      <P align=3Dleft><B>by William Shurtleff and Akiko =
Aoyagi<BR><BR>=A9Copyright=20
      2004 Soyinfo Center, Lafayette, =
California</B></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<TABLE cellSpacing=3D0 cellPadding=3D8 width=3D600>
  <TBODY>
  <TR>
    <TD>Henry Ford, born 30 July 1863 on a farm near Dearborn, Michigan, =
was=20
      one of America's foremost soybean and soyfood pioneers. From the =
late=20
      1920s until many years after his death in 1947, Ford's name was =
closely=20
      linked with soybeans, for he developed a host of new ways to use =
the crop=20
      industrially and was one of the most creative of the original =
soyfoods=20
      pioneers. In those days when soyfoods were not yet respectable =
(are they=20
      yet?), Ford had to take a lot of abuse and become the butt of many =
jokes=20
      and newspaper cartoons for his firm belief in the soybean. A man =
of great=20
      vision and influence, Ford and his huge publicity machine, plus =
his unique=20
      ability to attract media attention, gave soybeans and soyfoods =
extensive=20
      and exciting nationwide publicity. He reached both farmers and the =
general=20
      public in an area when soy was still largely unknown.=20
      <P><B>Early Research with Soybean Oil and Meal</B>. Ford was =
deeply=20
      interested in finding ways of relating new technology to =
agriculture as=20
      part of his lifelong efforts to improve the lot of farmers, who =
were among=20
      his best customers for both Ford cars and Fordson tractors. This =
is where=20
      his extensive research with soybeans began. In 1928 Ford became =
interested=20
      in a new agricultural concept, farm chemurgy, which applies =
chemistry and=20
      allied sciences to transform farm crops into new industrial =
products. Ford=20
      believed "that industry and agriculture are natural partners," =
that=20
      industry would increasingly turn to the soil for many of its raw=20
      materials, and that eventually many components of finished cars =
and=20
      tractors could come from farms. He declared in about 1933-34, "If =
we want=20
      the farmer to be our customer, we must find a way to be his =
customer"=20
      (Ref??). In 1935 Ford played host to 300 leading agriculturists,=20
      scientists, and industrialists, who met in Dearborn to organize =
the=20
      National Farm Chemurgic Council, which set in motion the whole =
chemurgic=20
      movement.</P>
      <P>In 1929, when the Great Depression hit America--and especially =
American=20
      farmers--Ford set out to develop new ways to help farmers out of =
the hard=20
      times. In that year, he built a large laboratory in Greenfield =
Village,=20
      which was part of the Edison Institute of Technology in Dearborn,=20
      Michigan. Thomas Edison (then over 80 years old and Ford's =
greatest hero,=20
      after whom the Institute had been named) was a frequent visitor =
and=20
      consultant. At the laboratory Ford and his researchers began =
experiments=20
      to find a farm crop that could be grown in Michigan and that =
showed=20
      promise for use in industry and as a food. In December 1931, after =

      extensive tests on virtually every farm crop known, the soybean =
was chosen=20
      as the most hopeful contender, since it was rich in both oil and =
protein,=20
      had a residual fiber amenable to many uses, was low in water, and =
stored=20
      well. One day at about this time, according to Bob Smith, one-time =
manager=20
      of the Ford farms, Mr. Ford wandered into the laboratory and =
picked up a=20
      copy of <I>The Soybean</I> by C.V. Piper and W.J. Morse (1923); he =
sat=20
      down and read it from cover to cover. When he finished he =
encouraged his=20
      researchers to go ahead at full speed, concentrating their efforts =
on soy.=20
      In keeping with his policy of producing raw materials as near as =
possible=20
      to the point of processing, Ford was soon encouraging farmers in =
southern=20
      Michigan to plant plenty of soybean, with the assurance that the =
Ford=20
      Motor Company would do everything possible to provide a market for =

      them.</P>
      <P>Ford's two top soybean researchers during this testing period =
had been=20
      Robert Allen Boyer, head of the laboratory studying industrial=20
      applications, and Dr. Edsel Ruddiman, doing soyfoods research. =
Boyer, born=20
      on 30 September 1909 in Toledo, Ohio, had moved to South Sudbury,=20
      Massachusetts when his father had been hired by Ford to run the =
nation's=20
      oldest hotel there, the Wayside Inn. Ford, who had a real eye for=20
      promising young talent, had "discovered" Boyer at the Inn in 1925 =
during=20
      one of Ford's frequent visits there. Attracted by the boy's keen, =
active=20
      mind, Ford had suggested to Boyer that, instead of following his =
plans to=20
      enter Andover prep school and then Dartmouth College, he enroll in =
the new=20
      Henry Ford Trade School and participate in its unique work-study =
program=20
      at the adjacent huge River Rouge auto factory. Boyer accepted the =
idea and=20
      after attending the trade school from 1927-1929 he graduated at =
age 21, a=20
      promising research chemist; he took his first job as head of the =
new=20
      soybean lab at the Edison Institute. Ford liked to call the Edison =

      Institute (which was both a school and a research center) the =
"School for=20
      Inventors." He once said he would like to put a sign over the =
front door=20
      which would read "Place for Damn Fool Experiments," although he =
never=20
      did.</P>
      <P>Dr. Edsel Ruddiman, a close boyhood pal of Ford's, formerly =
dean of the=20
      School of Pharmacy at Vanderbilt University, and an excellent =
scientist,=20
      had started his soyfoods research with Ford in about 1927, and now =
had a=20
      lab near to Boyer's. Ruddiman was the man who got Ford interested =
in=20
      soyfoods; in gratitude, Ford gave Ruddiman's first name, Edsel, to =
his=20
      first son. Ford soon became deeply interested in the fact that =
soyfoods=20
      had been used for thousands of years as a key source of =
high-quality,=20
      low-cost protein by millions of people in East Asia.</P>
      <P>Ford's researchers were pioneers in developing processes and =
equipment=20
      for the solvent extraction of soy oil. In the late 1920s the first =
solvent=20
      systems had come to be used in the US after having been developed =
in=20
      Germany. Extraction using gasoline solvents existed on a =
commercial scale=20
      in Germany but was not yet in use in the US, so Boyer and his =
staff had to=20
      develop the equipment. In about 1932 they built a small solvent =
extractor=20
      to separate the bean into soy oil and protein-rich meal. The oil=20
      eventually became the most important commercial soy product on =
Ford cars.=20
      Previously the cars had been finished with five to eight coats of =
lacquer,=20
      each of which had to be sanded and smoothed by hand. Starting in =
1934,=20
      this was replaced with a synthetic baked enamel paint, which =
contained=20
      roughly 35% soy oil, and saved considerable time and money. In =
1935 more=20
      than 1,000,000 gallons of soy oil were used in enamel paints for =
Ford=20
      cars. Another 540,000 gallons were made into glycerine and used in =
shock=20
      absorbers, and 200,000 gallons were used in the foundry as a sand =
binder=20
      in the manufacture of cores. It took 78,000 acres of soybeans to =
yield all=20
      this oil; 12,000 of these acres were grown by Ford.</P>
      <P>The protein-rich defatted meal also began to show exciting new=20
      possibilities. As early as 1915 Dodd was granted a US patent for =
making=20
      plastic materials from soybean meal, and in 1917 and 1918 Satow (a =

      Japanese) was granted a whole series of patents for soybean =
plastics.=20
      Ford's researchers found that when their defatted soybean meal was =
mixed,=20
      in a new process, with phenol and formaldehyde, it reacted to form =
a=20
      thermoplastic resin, which could be molded under pressure to make=20
      nonstructural plastic parts for Ford's cars: plastic horn buttons, =

      gearshift knobs, coil cases, distributor heads, accelerator foot =
pedals,=20
      glove compartment doors, and tractor seats. Even steering wheels =
were=20
      attempted, but they were not as food as the hard rubber type. The =
new=20
      parts molded very solidly, and could be finished like animal horn =
to take=20
      a high polish. Many pleasing colors and effects were obtained. =
Like=20
      ancient alchemists, Ford and Boyer were transforming soybeans into =
tractor=20
      parts, which were then used to help farm the soybeans used to grow =
more=20
      tractor and auto parts . . . an elegant, decentralized renewable =
cycle.=20
      Each new molded plastic part added to the car required 7,200 more =
acres of=20
      soybean per year. During 1932 and 1933 Ford spent more than =
$1,250,000 on=20
      his new soybean projects. In December 1933 <I>Fortune</I> magazine =

      reported that Ford was now "as much interested in the soya bean as =
he is=20
      in the V-8." By 1935 a bushel (60 pounds) of soybeans went into =
the paint=20
      and molded plastic parts of every Ford car.</P>
      <P>The development of the soy protein plastic was followed by the=20
      construction of a building 400 feet long in the River Rouge plant, =
where=20
      commercial production could take place. Space for 400 molding =
machines was=20
      provided, as well as for equipment to produce 80,000 pounds of the =
molding=20
      material each day. The new unit, which cost $4 million, was Ford's =
answer=20
      to the questions of the permanence of the new products. By 1936 =
some of=20
      the trim on the new Ford V-8 was made of soybean plastic, causing =
one=20
      humorist to remark that "Ford had discovered soybeans were his =
'bumper=20
      crop'" (Ref??).</P>
      <P>Ford was now more interested than ever in finding new ways of =
bringing=20
      agriculture and industry closer together. As Ford saw the world of =
the=20
      future, every farmer would become prosperous by running his own =
little=20
      "cottage industry" (as Ford called it), that took the soybeans the =
farmer=20
      grew in his fields and transformed them into one or more raw =
materials for=20
      sale to industry or foods for sale to grocery stores. In this=20
      decentralized society there would be no need for animals; the =
barns would=20
      house the cottage industries and serve to store grain. Prior to =
1934 Ford=20
      had developed a small solvent crushing mill that could be =
installed in an=20
      ordinary (or abandoned) farm barn. The machinery was simple and =
could be=20
      easily installed at low cost; much of it was standard piping. Only =
the=20
      crushing rolls and a few pipe fittings had to be purchased. It =
used about=20
      100 gallons of high-grade gasoline or naptha solvent and required =
a total=20
      investment of $1,500-$2,000 (Sweinhart 1934; Markley and Goss =
1944).</P>
      <P>Soy made nationwide headlines at the "Century of Progress" =
World's Fair=20
      held in Chicago all summer in 1934. Ford bought in an entire barn =
from his=20
      childhood home (it had been built by his father in 1863), planted =
a plot=20
      of soybeans around it, put a sign "The Industrialized American =
Barn" over=20
      the barn door, and set up inside it in an elaborate soy display =
featuring=20
      one of his small farm-scale solvent extraction plants and a =
soyfoods=20
      kitchen. Over a million people viewed low-technology soy oil =
production=20
      and the molding of soy protein into plastic parts. The soy oil, =
produced=20
      on the spot, was used to fuel a diesel engine, which ran a =
generator that=20
      produced all the electricity for the display! An especially tasty =
variety=20
      of large-seeded vegetable-type soybeans was deep-fried and served =
like=20
      salted peanuts to visitors, providing most with their first taste =
of=20
      soybeans. Similar exhibits were shown at various state, regional, =
and=20
      world fairs during the 1930s. (The cottage industry solvent plant =
concept,=20
      although interesting, was not economically viable so it never got =
off the=20
      ground.)</P>
      <P><B>Ford, Ruddiman, and Soyfoods</B>. Ford's interest in =
soyfoods began=20
      in the early 1930s and stemmed from the interest and work of Dr. =
Ruddiman.=20
      The two men's earliest soyfoods extravaganza was the press =
luncheons and=20
      dinners that they developed to publicize the experimentation with =
soy. The=20
      first was served (to 30 wary reporters) at the Chicago World's =
Fair in=20
      1934; two others were served prior to 1943. Every course consisted =

      partially or wholly of soy (Dahlinger 1978). Ruddiman's meatless =
menu,=20
      accompanied by a recipe for each dish served, read:</P>
      <BLOCKQUOTE>
        <UL>
          <LI>Tomato juice seasoned with soy sauce=20
          <LI>Celery stuffed with soybean cheese=20
          <LI>Puree of soybean=20
          <LI>Salted soybean=20
          <LI>Soybean crackers=20
          <LI>Soybean croquettes with tomato sauce=20
          <LI>Buttered green soybeans=20
          <LI>Pineapple ring with soybean cheese and soybean dressing=20
          <LI>Soybean bread with soybean butter=20
          <LI>Apple pie with soy crust=20
          <LI>Cocoa with soymilk=20
          <LI>Assorted soybean cookies, cakes, and candies=20
          <LI>Roasted soybean coffee=20
          <LI>Soymilk ice cream (Simonds 1938, p. 235) =
</LI></UL></BLOCKQUOTE>
      <P>Apparently not all guests shared Ford's enthusiasm for the =
feast. As=20
      one wrote years later with wry humor, "Nothing we newsmen ate that =
day led=20
      us to foresee that soybeans were destined to become an ingredient =
in many=20
      popular food products . . . We accepted as reasonable the =
possibility that=20
      the bean might become a leading cattle feed or industrial =
material." An=20
      article in the <I>Christian Science Monitor</I> (18 August 1934) =
titled=20
      "Chicago Finds that Soybeans Made into Savory Dishes Rival the =
Boston=20
      Beans," noted in a similar vein, "Please pass the soybean salad." =
"Oh!=20
      won't you please have some soybean soup?" "This soybean cake is =
delicious,=20
      but after the soybean croquettes, soybean apple pie and soybean =
coffee,=20
      you know one isn't really hungry." Dr. Ruddiman also developed a =
soybean=20
      biscuit, which both Ford and white rats apparently liked, yet one =
of=20
      Ford's secretaries described it with unabashed candor as "the =
vilest thing=20
      ever put into human mouths" (Lewis 1972).</P>
      <P>Out of their work in developing soyfoods banquets during the =
mid-1930s,=20
      Ford and Dr. Ruddiman developed a 19-page soup-to-nuts booklet =
titled=20
      "Recipes for Soy Bean Foods." One of the first of its kind in =
America, it=20
      was published by the Edison Institute and contained 58 soyfoods =
recipes=20
      including ones for breads, biscuits, cakes, cookies, salads, meat=20
      substitutes, soymilk, tofu, and soy butter. Unfortunately this =
book was=20
      not widely distributed. Dishes containing 25-30% soy flour were =
often=20
      served at Ford's daily roundtable luncheons at the Dearborn =
Engineering=20
      Laboratory, and recipes for these and other soyfoods recipes =
(including=20
      tofu recipes) were published from time to time in the <I>Ford =
News</I>, to=20
      introduce workers to soyfoods.</P>
      <P>During the mid-1930s Ford became deeply interested in soymilk. =
When he=20
      informed his first reporter that he was developing a "synthetic =
milk," he=20
      was greeted with a howl of laughter and disbelief. As part of his =
ongoing=20
      research on soyfoods and industrial soy products he built a =
demonstration=20
      soymilk plant in Greenfield Village and it produced several =
hundred=20
      gallons of soymilk daily. It was most popular among Ford's =
Filipino=20
      employees; the addition of a little banana oil was said to improve =
the=20
      flavor. After World War II started, the soymilk process was taken =
over by=20
      one of the soy dairy workers, Bob Smith. He built a private soy =
dairy in=20
      Dearborn and sold his soymilk for use in local baked goods, =
frostings, and=20
      the like, and to a big bakery in Detroit. The operation was so =
successful=20
      that, soon after it started, a very large and well-known food =
company in=20
      Buffalo, Rich Products, started the same process. One of Bob =
Smith's=20
      workers went there and made soymilk, coffee creamers, and the =
like. In=20
      1940 Ruddiman presented a paper on "Possibilities of Soybean Milk" =
at the=20
      annual meeting of the American Soybean Association.</P>
      <P>Ford loved soymilk. He was constantly inviting his friends and =
research=20
      assistants to sample it. He kept soymilk in his refrigerator and =
gave his=20
      recipe away to friends. He liked it best sweetened with a little =
maple=20
      syrup, sorghum syrup, or honey. He loved to show his friends =
letters he=20
      had received from doctors who were grateful for his experiments on =

      developing soymilk for babies who were allergic to cow's milk. =
Ford also=20
      used his soymilk to make tofu (Simonds 1938).</P>
      <P>Ford's interest in soyfoods can apparently be traced back to =
1923 for=20
      by that year, according to his biographers Nevins and Hill (1957) =
the Ford=20
      company stores sold soy flour breads and canned fresh green =
soybeans. No=20
      indication is given as to the source of these early soy products. =
Ford's=20
      interest in soyfoods reached its peak during the mid-1930s. =
Dahlinger=20
      (1978) reports that Ford would talk about soyfoods with almost =
everyone he=20
      met. When he went to others' homes, the cooks would be instructed =
to sneak=20
      some soybeans into as many dishes as possible--the soup, salad, =
peas, or=20
      vegetable dishes. In their homes, both Ford and Boyer liked to eat =
roasted=20
      soynuts, natural breads made with soy flour, soybean pies and =
soups, tofu,=20
      and tofu cottage cheese (sometimes made with the acid-precipitated =
curds=20
      from the soy protein isolate process to which salt and other =
seasonings=20
      were added).</P>
      <P>During the 1930s, anyone visiting Greenfield Village came away =
with a=20
      knowledge of soy flour, soy grits, and other soyfoods. Soy flour =
was used=20
      in many foods sold to visitors at the Village: breads, rolls, =
muffins,=20
      biscuits, cakes, and cookies. Also popular with visitors were the =
salted=20
      soynuts, made by soaking whole soybeans in water, deep-frying =
them,=20
      salting lightly, then packaging like salted peanuts. Another =
favorite was=20
      soybean candies coated with a mixture of soy lecithin and =
chocolate. Dr.=20
      Ruddiman also developed canned fresh green soybeans (Bansei =
variety) and=20
      produced 590 cans in 1935 and 1,000 in 1936 (Simonds 1938).</P>
      <P>Ford's interest in soyfoods is best understood when viewed =
against his=20
      lifelong and unusually strong interest in diet and health. Full of =
energy,=20
      lean as a split rail fence, well tanned, and in good physical =
condition,=20
      he was the picture of health. Ford (and Boyer) did not smoke or =
drink and=20
      he waged many a public crusade against these evils. He banned =
smoking in=20
      his plants and discouraged drinking; workers at his plants were =
actually=20
      fired if they were caught doing either. In the early 1900s he =
became a=20
      member of the Committee of Fifty to Study the Tobacco Problem =
(which=20
      included J.H. Kellogg, another soyfoods pioneer) and helped =
produce one of=20
      the first educational motion pictures warning of the dangers of =
tobacco=20
      smoking. He loved American folk dancing. At one period in his =
life, he=20
      regularly jogged three miles in the morning and ate his first meal =
at one=20
      o'clock in the afternoon. He challenged scores of people, =
particularly=20
      reporters, to foot races, and only the most fleet footed could =
stay with=20
      him over 100 yards. He was still racing when he was 80 years old =
(Nevins=20
      and Hill 1963, p. 229). At times he supported vegetarianism. As =
early as=20
      1919-1920 he said that the world would be better off without meat. =
In 1922=20
      he claimed that "chicken is fit only for hawks." He disliked =
quadrapeds,=20
      finding them unnecessary and inefficient. He called the cow the =
crudest=20
      machine in the world. He said, "We don't need cows. We can make =
milk and=20
      meat substitutes out of soybeans." Yet for most of his life Ford =
enjoyed=20
      meat (especially steaks) as much as most Americans. Ford preached =
that=20
      sugar was dangerous for the body. His wife suffered from arthritis =
and he=20
      sought diets to help her. His well-publicized dietary fancies, =
too, varied=20
      almost from year to year. Yet Ford believed that whole, natural =
foods were=20
      of the greatest benefit to health. Frederick Stare, of the Harvard =

      University Department of Nutrition, has even classed Ford (along =
with=20
      Sylvester Graham, Horace Fletcher, John D. Rockefeller, and George =
Bernard=20
      Shaw) as one of America's original "food faddists" (Ref??; Deutsch =
1961=20
      and 1967, "Nuts Among the Berries).</P>
      <P><B>Development of the Plastic Car</B>. In 1935 the first =
commercial=20
      plant for manufacturing industrial-grade soy protein isolates was =
built by=20
      the Glidden Company in Chicago, Illinois. Most of this soy isolate =
was=20
      used by the paper-making industry for the coating and sizing of =
paper.=20
      Casein technology provided the most advanced knowledge of protein =
isolate=20
      utilization in those days and served as a guideline in soy protein =

      development. The first high-quality soy protein isolates designed =
for=20
      <U>food</U> use were produced by Central Soya in Oct. 1959 and =
then=20
      Ralston Purina in about 1963 (1960??). These would later be used =
in making=20
      meat analogs and other food ingredients.</P>
      <P>From 1937-1939 Ford built three relatively small commercial =
soybean oil=20
      solvent extraction plants in Michigan, at the Rouge plant and at =
Saline=20
      and Milan. These were used for producing soy oil and meal as well =
as for=20
      research and demonstration. They used 6-24 tons of raw soybeans a =
day. By=20
      1937 Ford was producing 300,000 gallons of soy oil a year for use =
in car=20
      enamels (<I>Soybean Digest</I> 1947). Since this left him more =
meal than=20
      he could use, he was selling the meal; he ran ads for it in the =
early=20
      1940s in the <I>Soybean Digest</I>. One advantage of the new =
solvent=20
      system was that the mild heating required caused little =
denaturation of=20
      the soy protein, which was important in making soy isolates and =
later,=20
      spun soy fibers.</P>
      <P>To supply his plants, Ford was also growing his own soybeans. =
In 1932=20
      and 1933 the Ford Farms (with help from Floyd Radford) planted 300 =

      varieties of soybeans on some 8,000 acres of farms he had bought =
in=20
      southern Michigan. (Also in 1932 Ford acquired a 2,000-acre estate =
in=20
      Boreham, Essex, England; the first successful crops of soybeans in =
England=20
      were grown there by J.L. North in 1933-34.) By 1935 Ford had =
12,000 acres=20
      of soybeans in Michigan and by 1936 he had 60,000 acres. By 1939 =
the Ford=20
      Motor Company was harvesting about 100,000 bushels of its own =
soybeans; it=20
      had to buy an additional 500,000 bushels plus large amounts of soy =
oil.=20
      Ford eventually helped raise Michigan's soybean production to =
3,000,000=20
      bushels a year. A soybean named "Ford" was introduced in its =
namesake's=20
      honor in 1958, eleven years after Ford's death.</P>
      <P>In 1936 Ford hosted meetings of the Farm Chemurgic Council in =
Detroit=20
      and Dearborn, Michigan; 1,000 people attended, as against 400 the =
previous=20
      year. One entire section of the program was devoted to the =
soybean, which=20
      stole the show. Six papers were presented and speakers included =
Mr. E.D.=20
      Funk, Sr. and Clark Bradley. On 12 October 1936 <I>Time</I> =
magazine=20
      stated: "The No. 1 U.S. soybean man is Henry Ford."</P>
      <P>During the 1930s and 1950s, Ford and his researchers worked =
closely=20
      with the American Soybean Association. In 1940 Ford hosted the =
annual ASA=20
      convention at Dearborn; it turned out to be a turning point in ASA =

      history. Attendees toured the Ford soybean fields, saw solvent =
extraction=20
      plants, and heard the story of the planned use of plastic bodies =
for=20
      automobiles. Ruddiman presented a paper on soymilk.</P>
      <P>American soybeans attained their most sensational media =
publicity to=20
      date in late 1941 in connection with Ford's "soybean plastic car." =
As=20
      early as 1934 Ford had first remarked that "Someday you and I will =
see the=20
      day when auto bodies will be grown down on the farm." He intended =
to "grow=20
      cars rather than mine them." By late 1937 work had started on the =
project=20
      and Boyer had developed a curved, structured plastic sheet which =
Ford=20
      hoped would replace steel in auto bodies. A few weeks later the =
magnate=20
      called in reporters, jumped up and down on the unbending sheet, =
and=20
      triumphantly exclaimed, "If that was steel it would have caved =
in." He=20
      added, "almost all new cars will soon be made of such things as =
soybeans"=20
      (Nevins and Hill 1963, p. 283). In 1940 Boyer installed a plastic =
trunk=20
      lid on one of Ford's personal cars. In November 1940, Ford, always =
the=20
      genius at obtaining free publicity, again called in the press. He =
startled=20
      reporters by gleefully taking an ax (actually he used the square =
back end,=20
      covered with a leather guard) and with all of his lanky =
77-year-old might,=20
      whalloping the trunk lid to prove that, unlike steel, the new =
plastic=20
      would not dent, shatter, or crack. He then invited them to try an =
ax on=20
      their own cars! Finally he predicted that his company would be=20
      mass-producing plastic bodied autos within 1-3 years. "I wouldn't =
be=20
      surprised," he declared, "if our (soybean research) laboratory =
comes to be=20
      the most important building of our entire plant." A picture of =
Ford's ax=20
      swinging stunt and accompanying wire service stories appeared in =
most of=20
      the nation's newspapers. <I>Time</I> magazine (11 Nov. 1940) ran a =
full=20
      page story entitled "Plastic Fords," and <I>Life</I> and =
<I>Fortune</I>=20
      magazines each carried a large photo. <I>Time</I> described how, =
unlike=20
      most commercial plastics, Boyer's sheets looked like polished =
steel.=20
      Consisting of 70% cellulose and 30% resin binder pressed into =
cloth, the=20
      new rust-free, dent-proof plastic was reportedly 50% lighter and =
50%=20
      cheaper (to fabricate??) than steel; it could absorb, without =
denting, a=20
      blow ten times as great as steel could stand. When bent like a =
jackknife,=20
      the plastic panels snap back into place when released. The color, =
being=20
      inbred in the plastic, eliminates painting and provides a finish =
as=20
      enduring as the panel itself. Fenders, when released, would =
rebound from=20
      minor collisions like rubber balls. Ford went on to say that if =
each of=20
      the one million cars he produced each year were outfitted with his =
usual=20
      plastic molded parts and enamel paint, this would consume 700,000 =
bushels=20
      of soybeans; this was, however, less than 1% of the entire US crop =
that=20
      year.</P>
      <P>Soon plastic trunk lids were installed on many of the Ford =
company=20
      cars. In November 1940 Ford gave Boyer the authority to order a =
complete=20
      set of very expensive dies to make an entire plastic auto body. =
Shortly=20
      thereafter Boyer stated publicly his belief that the plastic car =
would be=20
      able to compete economically with steel for, although the raw =
material=20
      cost was higher (above said it was 50% cheaper??), it was less =
expensive=20
      to fabricate and finish it, and it saved gas by making the car =
some 30%=20
      lighter than a steel car.</P>
      <P>Carrying his dream a step further, on 13 August 1941, at the =
climax of=20
      Dearborn's annual community festival, Ford dramatically unveiled a =

      handmade car with a complete plastic body. He also invited the =
press to=20
      his 14-course soyfoods luncheon. The timing was perfect. Americans =
were=20
      just starting to become aware of plastics and of the fact that a =
steel=20
      shortage threatened to cripple the auto industry's nondefense =
production.=20
      The plastic car was made by attaching 14 molded plastic panels, =
each 3/8=20
      inch thick, to a welded tubular steel frame; it weighed 700 to =
1,000=20
      pounds (23-33% less than its steel-bodied counterpart). Again the =
car (and=20
      soybeans) got tremendous nationwide publicity and stirred the =
imagination=20
      of editorial writers as had few Ford-related events for some =
years. Many=20
      newspapers regarded the experimental vehicle as revolutionary. =
<I>The New=20
      York Times</I> thought it "may have a great influence on the =
automobile=20
      industry." Other media suggested that he use the new plastic for=20
      dent-proof battleship armor or for rust-proof coffins.</P>
      <P>The plastic-bodied car quickly generated its share of jokes. =
People=20
      said that if the auto didn't run, Ford could eat it. Or he could =
have his=20
      car and eat it too. Farmers began to ask each other what they were =
growing=20
      this year, Fords or Chryslers. The <I>Cleveland Press</I> wondered =
why=20
      Ford didn't strengthen his plastic by adding spinach. In 1943 =
several of=20
      these jokes were dusted off when a goat actually ate an Illinois =
license=20
      plate made of soybean-derived fiberboard.</P>
      <P>What was lost (or perhaps deliberately omitted) in all the =
great=20
      publicity for soybeans was that, whereas soy protein had been a =
fairly=20
      important component in the early structural plastic panels, it =
ended up=20
      being only a very minor element, largely because no way was found =
to make=20
      it completely waterproof (<I>Ford Home Almanac</I> 1941). The real =

      importance was that a renewable resource was now being used to =
make car=20
      bodies. Nevertheless the notion of a "soybean car" struck the =
popular=20
      fancy and hung on.</P>
      <P>The outbreak of World War II and the suspension of automobile=20
      production forced Ford to abandon his efforts to mass-produce =
plastic car=20
      bodies. Until 1943, however, he maintained that he would build =
them as=20
      soon as the war was over, even though engineers had run into =
problems; the=20
      plastic ended up costing much more than steel because the panels =
took a=20
      long time to cure in their molds. Ford died in 1946 and, according =
to the=20
      Ford Motor Company, the idea just seems to have gotten lost in the =
files=20
      (<I>Atlanta Journal and Constitution</I> 1973). But others were =
soon to=20
      follow Ford's lead; in 1953 General Motors introduced the first =
car with a=20
      plastic body, the highly successful Chevrolet Corvette. =
Studebaker's=20
      plastic Avanti appeared in 1962. The Ford Company was using an =
average of=20
      29 pounds of plastic in its cars by 1962, 50 pounds by 1968, 120 =
pounds by=20
      1972, and 200 pounds by 1980. But whereas Ford wanted his plastic =
cars=20
      made from renewable crop resources, the new plastics are merely=20
      chemicals/synthetics.</P>
      <P><B>Boyer's Soybean Wool and Edible Protein Fibers</B>. Of the =
many=20
      soybean projects initiated by Ford and Boyer, the one that has =
probably=20
      had the greatest impact on soyfoods in America today started with =
the=20
      development of a synthetic wool from soy protein. The world's =
first=20
      synthetic protein fiber was developed and introduced in Italy in =
1936.=20
      Called Lanital, it was made from casein (milk protein). Still all =
known=20
      protein fibers (wool, silk, casein) were of animal origin. Rayon, =
the=20
      basis of a burgeoning new industry at the time, was made of =
cellulose . .=20
      . as, of course, was cotton. In 1928 Cone and Brown had taken out =
a patent=20
      in the state of Washington for producing soy protein isolates from =
soy=20
      meal by extracting the protein with alkali and sodium sulfite, =
then=20
      precipitating it with an acid to make an isolate for use in =
plywood glues.=20
      This patent started an entire industry. By early 1933?? Boyer had =
set up a=20
      pilot plant at the Edison Institute for producing soy protein =
isolates on=20
      a small scale using the meal from the Ford solvent plant and a new =

      process, not under license. Some tests were done using these =
isolates in=20
      molded plastic parts, but defatted soy meal was found to work =
almost as=20
      well at lower cost. By 1938, however, Boyer had used the soy =
isolates to=20
      produce the world's first plant protein fiber. At the American =
Soybean=20
      Association meeting that year he stole the show, announcing "I am =
able to=20
      display for the first time in a skein form a fiber made from =
soybean=20
      protein . . . Two acres of land will produce 400 pounds of soybean =

      protein." Boyer's fiber resembled a soft wool; it was loose and =
fluffy,=20
      white to tan in color with medium luster, and had a soft, warm =
feel,=20
      natural crimp, and high degree of resilience. It had 80% the =
strength of=20
      wool, took the same dyes, had good elongation, and did not wet as =
easily=20
      as wool. It could be used for upholstery in cars, filling in felt =
hats, or=20
      clothing. At the New York World's Fair in 1939, Ford had a display =

      featuring a machine spinning soy protein fibers. (Note that term=20
      "spinning" is used by the textile industry for production of =
synthetic=20
      fibers like rayon; actually it is an extrusion/coagulation =
process.) By=20
      1938 Ford sported a necktie (his favorite 75th birthday present) =
in which=20
      half of the material was soybean "wool." Three years later he made =
a=20
      public appearance in his treasured "soybean suit" (made of 25% =
soybean=20
      "wool" and 75% sheep's wool) with which, reported the <I>Detroit =
Times</I>=20
      (1941), he was "as delighted as a boy with his first long pants," =
Both he=20
      and soybeans garnered huge amounts of free publicity from the =
event. Boyer=20
      had made his wife a coat of the same material in 1940. In that =
same year=20
      Boyer, only 31, headed a staff of 25 research assistants whose =
average age=20
      was only 24. For his many outstanding achievements, the US Chamber =
of=20
      Commerce voted Boyer the Outstanding Young Man of 1940 (Garfield=20
1941).</P>
      <P>As World War II approached, it suddenly became apparent that =
almost all=20
      protein products derived from animals (including wool, leather, =
meats,=20
      dairy products, and eggs) were going to be in short supply. =
Rationing=20
      plans for some items went into effect and prices skyrocketed. By =
1939 the=20
      Ford Motor Company was importing 250,000,000 pounds of wool from =
Australia=20
      and Argentina, and there were fears that the supply might be cut =
if a war=20
      broke out. Prior to 1940 most of the upholstery for Ford cars had =
been=20
      made from sheep's wool but in that year Boyer developed an =
improved=20
      synthetic wool made of soy protein fiber. A pilot plant with a =
capacity of=20
      1,000 pounds per day of the soybean "wool" was built and soon a =
fabric=20
      containing 25% soybean wool and 75% sheep's wool was used in the =
sidewall=20
      upholstery of many Ford cars. By May 1942, a new plant for making =
soy wool=20
      with five times the capacity of the pilot plant was under =
construction.=20
      Early in the war years, Ford had tried unsuccessfully to interest =
the=20
      armed forces in making uniforms out of soy fiber fabric. Ford =
persisted in=20
      his research until mid-1943, hoping to develop a textile that =
could sell=20
      at prices competitive with wool. Unable to do so he sold his =
fabrication=20
      process and machinery to the Drackett Company of Cincinnati, in =
November=20
      1943. Neither Drackett nor any other firm has been commercially =
successful=20
      in producing textile fibers from soy protein. In 1947 Boyer, now =
director=20
      of scientific research for The Drackett Company, wrote an article =
for the=20
      <I>Soybean Digest</I> titled "A Modern Shirt from Ancient =
Soybean,"=20
      summarizing this work.</P>
      <P>All of the research on soybean "wool" led to an unexpected and=20
      extremely important discovery. The process Boyer used to make the =
soybean=20
      "wool" was basically the same process used today to make meat =
analogs from=20
      spun soy protein fibers. For the sake of simplicity, we will =
describe the=20
      modern process. Dehulled soybeans are crushed to make flakes, =
while oil is=20
      removed with a solvent at low temperature. The defatted flakes are =
mixed=20
      vigorously with caustic soda or lime and water to extract the =
protein,=20
      then the fiber is removed by centrifugation, and the protein is=20
      precipitated at the isoelectric point of minimum protein =
solubility (with=20
      sulfur dioxide gas or phosphoric acid) to form curds. (These =
closely=20
      resemble the curds used to make tofu.) The fresh (undried) curds =
are mixed=20
      with alkaline sodium hydroxide to form a spinning solution or =
"dope"=20
      having the consistency of honey. This is pumped under pressure =
through=20
      15,000 pinpoint holes in a 4-inch-diameter metal spinerette plate =
into an=20
      acid-salt coagulating bath (phosphoric acid and sodium chloride), =
which=20
      precipitates and denatures the protein, causing it to congeal into =
slender=20
      individual protein monofilaments. The 75,000 fibers from five =
spinerettes=20
      in one bath are gathered into a large "tow" which is run over =
rollers that=20
      stretch the fibers and orient the molecules, thus giving them =
greater=20
      tensile strength and elasticity while reducing brittleness. The =
tows are=20
      then chemically treated to harden and strengthen them??, washed in =
hot and=20
      cold water (agitated by bubbles from below) to remove the acid and =
salt,=20
      and cut to length. For wool, they are dried.</P>
      <P>When making the synthetic soybean "wool," after washing out the =

      chemicals with water, it was the usual practice to taste the =
fibers to see=20
      that they had been thoroughly washed. One day at the Ford plant in =
1942,=20
      Boyer, while sampling the fibers for the wool, suddenly realized =
that=20
      these same soy protein fibers, if made tender by omitting the =
protein=20
      denaturation, hardening, and insolubilization, could be used as a =
basic=20
      ingredient in making meatlike textured soy protein foods. Already =
he=20
      developed an analog for the protein fibers that grow on the =
<U>outside</U>=20
      of a sheep (wool), why not develop an analog for those on the=20
      <U>inside</U>, a meatless meat or meat analog? Ford had always =
said that=20
      since food was the most important basic commodity, it ought to be =
as=20
      inexpensive as possible. Boyer realized he had stumbled on an idea =
of=20
      tremendous potential importance that might offer a revolutionary =
yet=20
      simple new way to produce low-cost yet appealing protein foods. =
The idea=20
      would not leave him, so he explained it to Ford and Ford was =
extremely=20
      interested. Unfortunately, however, the war was now on and, as =
Boyer=20
      commented years later, "It seemed like such a far-out idea, I =
decided not=20
      to pursue it until after the war." The pilot plant for making soy =
protein=20
      fiber was shut down and used for producing aircraft engines.</P>
      <P><B>Henry Ford's Passing and Legacy</B>. On 7 April 1947 Henry =
Ford died=20
      at age 85 in his home at Dearborn, Michigan. The young man who =
dropped out=20
      of school at age 15 had gone on to become the creator of modern=20
      assembly-line mass production, the man who "put America on =
wheels." Ford=20
      epitomized that sort of old-fashioned American pragmatic =
inventiveness=20
      that is America's special genius. He was and remains an American =
folk=20
      hero. And because soybeans and soyfoods were one of his special =
interests,=20
      they basked in the light of his reflected glory. Ford's chemical =
and media=20
      alchemy had totally transformed the once lowly soybean into a =
subject of=20
      great interest to millions of people. Boyer later recalled, "Back =
in the=20
      1930s, many people thought our work with soybeans was crazy." But =
Ford was=20
      smart enough to see the potential long before most others. For =
years he=20
      would drive the five miles from his home, "Fairlane," to be in =
Boyer's=20
      office by 8:00 A.M. to check on latest developments. He gave Boyer =
carte=20
      blanche with money and supported any project Boyer wanted to =
pursue. Boyer=20
      had tremendous admiration for Ford and deeply enjoyed working with =
and for=20
      him. Their joint experiments greatly enhanced the dignity of the =
once=20
      lowly soybean, and as the new "noble bean" began to make =
headlines, the=20
      world began to take notice. Over the years, Ford spent an =
estimated $4=20
      million on soybean research plus an additional $10 million on =
physical=20
      plant and equipment to make soy products. Ford's interest in and=20
      cultivation of the soybean proved an important stimulus to =
expansion of=20
      soybean acreage. Although Ford's free-ranging predictions on other =

      subjects were often wide of the mark, his frequent assertion that=20
      "soybeans will make millions of dollars of added income for =
farmers . . .=20
      and provide industry with materials to make needed things nobody =
even=20
      knows about now" has been proved correct by the passage of time. =
In 1947,=20
      when Ford died, American farmers were producing about 200 million =
bushels=20
      of soybeans. By 1980 they were producing over <U>ten times</U> =
that many=20
      (2.2 billion bushels). Numerous writers have commented on Ford's=20
      contribution to soy:"</P>
      <P>"Ford has done more to promote the soybean industry in the =
United=20
      States than perhaps any one person in the nation." =
<I>Kalamazoo</I>=20
      (Michigan) <I>Gazette</I>, 14 December 1939.</P>
      <P>"When history is written and the achievements of Henry Ford are =

      chronicled, the Soy Bean victory will stand out as his foremost=20
      contribution to mankind." <I>Detroit Legal Courier</I>, 1941.</P>
      <P>"Through his experimentation and the publicity he gave it, =
Henry Ford=20
      made a substantial contribution to the increased utilization of =
the=20
      soybean. His work in this field, started when he was in his late =
sixties=20
      and carried forward until he was eighty years of age, is perhaps =
the=20
      outstanding achievement of his declining years. Of all Ford's=20
      accomplishments, it is possible that none pleased him more than in =
helping=20
      to prove that there was magic in a beanstalk" (Nevins and Hill, =
1963).</P>
      <P>Since for more than a decade Ford's highly publicized work with =

      soybeans had made headlines, especially in Michigan and the =
Midwest, many=20
      people came to believe that large amounts of soybeans flowed from =
local=20
      farms to Ford's auto and tractor factories (Lewis 1972). Such was =
not the=20
      case. The publicity generated by Ford's soy project was far out of =

      proportion to its actual importance or magnitude. Although Ford =
made a=20
      sincere and prolonged effort to use soybeans in the auto industry, =
the=20
      industry actually used only a minute fraction of the crop. =
Nevertheless=20
      the publicity Ford generated was to be of lasting aid to the =
fledgling=20
      soybean industry, and the research on soy protein foods, carried =
on by=20
      Boyer, would soon begin to show great promise. Boyer also later =
commented=20
      that if Ford had lived longer, he would surely have been active in =

      promoting soyfoods and thus would have greatly accelerated their=20
      introduction into American diets.</P>
      <P><B>Boyer's Development of Meat Analogs</B>. Throughout the war =
years,=20
      the idea of using spun protein fibers as the basis of human foods, =
meat=20
      analogs, returned to Boyer again and again. As mentioned above, in =
1943=20
      the Drackett Company in Cincinnati, Ohio (which made Drano and =
Windex)=20
      bought out the Ford protein spinning operation, taking the =
process, the=20
      equipment, and Robert Boyer with them to Cincinnati. Boyer, now =
Drackett's=20
      director of research, told the company of his interest in =
producing foods=20
      from soy proteins, but Drackett was only interested in industrial=20
      products. In early 1949 Drackett sold the soybean operations (to =
whom??;=20
      in mid-1957 sold agricultural operations to ADM) and Boyer went =
off to=20
      work on his own.</P>
      <P>On 28 September 1949 Boyer filed for his first patent on edible =
protein=20
      fiber (application serial no. 118,445). It was issued in 1951, =
then=20
      rewritten that year in a much broader format and issued in final =
form in=20
      1954 (No. 2,682,466). According to this patent (which expired in =
1971 and=20
      has come to be regarded as a classic), no one can use a man-made =
protein=20
      fiber in a food without violating the basic claim. Basically the =
patent=20
      called for the use of various proteins (including soy, casein, and =
peanut=20
      protein) to make edible protein fibers ?? that could be =
transformed into=20
      meat analogs or extenders that are low in saturated fats and =
virtually=20
      free of cholesterol.</P>
      <P>In September 1949 Boyer took his patent idea to his first =
company,=20
      Worthington Foods, Inc., a small company in Worthington, Ohio, =
operated by=20
      a group of businessmen and doctors, that produced meat analogs and =

      vegetarian foods primarily for the Seventh-day Adventist =
membership and=20
      institution. Boyer had now been on his own for over eight months =
and was=20
      almost out of money. He still wasn't sure of whether the whole =
idea was a=20
      screwball one or not. He later commented that if Worthington had =
shown no=20
      interest, he probably would have just given up then and done =
something=20
      else. Advised to keep away from the large meat companies, who =
might buy up=20
      the patent and "bury" it, he went to Worthington and disclosed his =
concept=20
      and a pork chop prototype. Mr. Hagle, president of Worthington, =
was=20
      immediately very excited with the idea, but the company was =
reluctant to=20
      take a license until there was a source of soy protein fiber. =
Harrison=20
      Evans, a top Worthington employee, later recalled: "I'll never =
forget the=20
      day Bob Boyer came by. They brought him down with this textured =
protein=20
      wrapped in a piece of aluminum foil and all it looked like was =
rope. Just=20
      unattractive, white . . . It certainly did not look like real =
meat."</P>
      <P>Worthington waited, so Boyer went to Virginia Carolina Chemical =
Company=20
      (VCCC) in Taftville, Connecticut; they were spinning fibers for =
textiles=20
      and Boyer hoped they would be able to produce soy fibers for =
Worthington.=20
      VCCC allowed Boyer to use their protein spinning pilot plant for =
research;=20
      he provided his own materials. Here he made the world's first =
edible=20
      protein fibers, which were used to make meat analog prototypes.=20
      Incorporating egg albumen binder plus fats and flavorings into the =
spun=20
      fibers, he fabricated the first man-made meatless pork chops and =
then made=20
      hams from soy protein. After the first successful run, nearby Corn =

      Products Company (CPC) got very interested and ended up buying the =
first=20
      license on Boyer's patent (an exclusive option), which gave Boyer =
his=20
      first income from the project. Boyer then consulted for CPC for 9 =
months.=20
      The first sale of commercial edible protein fiber (produced from =
corn=20
      gluten) was made from CPC to Worthington (What year??) Eventually, =

      however, it was realized that corn gluten would not work well in =
foods=20
      because of its unpleasant and dominant flavor. The project was=20
dropped.</P>
      <P>Now somewhat desperate, Boyer decided to try a meat company =
anyway. He=20
      went to Swift &amp; Co. in Chicago in 1950 and they immediately =
liked=20
      these idea and bought exclusive rights to the patent from =
1950-1954 (in=20
      1955 they converted to nonexclusive). In 1950, the war scarcity =
psychology=20
      still prevailed. American consumers and food producers had watched =
in=20
      astonishment during the war as meats became so scarce and =
expensive that=20
      only a few could afford them. Thus it was easy to sell the notion =
that=20
      even after the war, as world population continued to rise, plant =
proteins=20
      would play an increasingly important role in diets throughout the =
world.=20
      Boyer worked with Swift for five years, but in considerable =
secrecy. Swift=20
      told him that if their Livestock Relations Department found out =
that Swift=20
      was doing research on meat analogs," all hell would break loose."=20
      Eventually Swift made and test marketed new soy protein products. =
However=20
      in 1952-53 livestock producers in America were in such bad shape=20
      economically that they marched on Washington, D.C. demanding a =
better=20
      price for their products. Swift, fearing the possibility that the =
media=20
      might get word of their new project and come out with headlines =
reading=20
      "Swift Making Synthetic Meats from Soy Protein," decided to shut =
down the=20
      project. None of the products was ever marketed commercially.</P>
      <P>In 1951-52 Unilever bought a license from Boyer for spun =
protein=20
      isolate production throughout the rest of the world. Boyer went to =
England=20
      and worked with Unilever in their peanut protein isolate plant and =

      research labs near Liverpool. Here, for the first time, his =
process was=20
      used in the making of sausages containing fibers of peanut protein =

      isolate.</P>
      <P>In 1956 Boyer returned to America and went immediately to =
Worthington,=20
      who had now been thinking about taking a license on Boyer's =
spinning=20
      patent for seven years. The first food-grade soy protein isolates =
were=20
      just becoming available, so the company bought the patent rights =
for the=20
      health food industry and asked Boyer to work with them as a =
consultant.=20
      Worthington eventually did more with Boyer's discovery than any =
company in=20
      America; this story is told in Chapter 58.10.</P>
      <P>After Worthington purchased Boyer's license, other large food =
companies=20
      followed suit: Ralston Purina, General Mills, and Nabisco. General =
Foods=20
      developed their own related process. In 1962 Boyer joined the =
research=20
      staff of Ralston Purina as a Protein Scientist; he worked there =
until his=20
      retirement in 1971, at which time he became a Protein Consultant =
for=20
      Miles/Worthington.</P>
      <P>After General Mills took a license on Boyer's product, they =
built a=20
      commercial-sized fiber spinning plant at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and =
developed=20
      their Bontrae line which featured Bac-O's, a spun fiber analog =
resembling=20
      cooked bacon bits (Year??). The venture was impressive in scope =
and the=20
      product was a real sensation, the biggest thing that had happened =
to=20
      Boyer's idea to date. (The product is now made with extruded soy =
flour.)=20
      The whole venture had a profound effect on the thinking of other =
large=20
      food producing companies concerning soy protein foods. Boyer was =
now=20
      spending 50% of his time with Worthington and 25% each with =
General Mills=20
      and Ralston.</P>
      <P>Boyer's years of research eventually began to pay off in terms =
of=20
      handsome royalties from his patents, of which he now had more than =
thirty,=20
      some shared with Ford. These lasted until the patent expired in =
1971. Now=20
      any company can use the protein spinning process without having to =
buy a=20
      license or pay fees. In 1981 the main American companies using =
spun=20
      protein fibers in foods were Worthington Foods, Dawson Mills in =
Minnesota=20
      (which bought General Mills' equipment), Loma Linda Foods in =
California,=20
      and Ralston Purina. In Europe there are two companies in the =
Netherlands,=20
      one in Denmark (Nutana), and one in Belgium using food-grade spun =
protein=20
      fibers. And there was one company in Japan (Which??).</P>
      <P>Most manufacturers of meat analogs in the US agree that the =
general=20
      market has been disappointing, but that the idea is simply ahead =
of its=20
      time, which will inevitably come as meat prices continue their =
rapid rise.=20
      The vegetarian or "motivated" market (and especially the =
Seventh-day=20
      Adventist sector) showed a steady increase each year. No sales =
figures are=20
      available on the total market size.</P>
      <P>When asked in 1980 how he liked the newest generation of meat =
analogs,=20
      Boyer replied that he found the quality disappointing, since the =
producers=20
      have to make compromises in equipment and processing to keep costs =
down. A=20
      researcher can get much better textures and flavors in his lab =
working by=20
      hand. Another problem is the subtle beany flavors that result from =

      isolates made from typical defatted soy meal rather than specially =

      defatted soy meal that can be made to contain almost no beany =
flavor.=20
      Boyer eats store-bought meat analogs (including bacon bits) from =
time to=20
      time but not as a regular part of his diet. He prefers Worthington =

      products to Loma Linda. He likes meat too, and also uses tofu =
quite a=20
      bit.</P>
      <P>How about the future? Harkening back to the years of his work =
with=20
      Ford, Boyer said in 1981, "We're at the Model T stage right now =
with=20
      analogs. I'm impatient to get to the Lincoln Continental stage." =
He feels=20
      that the products still have a very bright future, and that when =
the price=20
      of meats rises to 10 or 20% above those of the analogs, sales will =
start a=20
      period of steady growth.</P>
      <P>&nbsp;</P><B>
      <P>Acknowledgments</P></B>
      <P>I would like to give special thanks to Robert Boyer, Warren =
Hartman,=20
      Dr. George Harding Sr., and the Ford Archives for their help in =
preparing=20
      this chapter.</P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV>
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Content-Type: text/css;
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Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://www.soyinfocenter.com/css/screen.css

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PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 12px Arial, Helvetica, =
sans-serif; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
#container {
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WIDTH: 980px
}
#header {
	CLEAR: both; BACKGROUND: url(../images/soyinfocenter.jpg) no-repeat =
left top; HEIGHT: 133px
}
#header-sub {
	CLEAR: both; BACKGROUND: url(../images/soyinfocentersub.jpg) no-repeat =
left top; HEIGHT: 73px; TEXT-ALIGN: center
}
#left {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 12px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; BACKGROUND: =
url(../images/leftnavbg.jpg) repeat-x left top; FLOAT: left; =
PADDING-BOTTOM: 20px; WIDTH: 120px; COLOR: #ffffff; PADDING-TOP: 20px; =
TEXT-ALIGN: right
}
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}
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}
#nav A {
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}
#nav LI LI A {
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}
#nav .currentcategory {
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}
#nav .currentpage {
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}
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}
#nav .search {
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}
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}
.searchsubmit {
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BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% =
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}
IMG {
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}
#footer {
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url(../images/footerbg.gif); FONT: 12px/27px Arial, Helvetica, =
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}
#main {
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}
#main-home {
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WIDTH: 650px; PADDING-TOP: 30px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px
}
#main-history {
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PADDING-LEFT: 30px; FLOAT: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 30px; WIDTH: 592px; =
PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
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}
#main-home DIV {
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}
#main-home DIV DIV {
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}
#main-home .divider {
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}
#main-home-banner {
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right; WIDTH: 133px; HEIGHT: 620px
}
#main-home-banner DIV {
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PADDING-TOP: 10px; TEXT-ALIGN: center
}
#main-with-right {
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WIDTH: 818px; PADDING-TOP: 30px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px
}
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}
#main-sub {
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}
#right-sub-header {
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PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #ffffff; LINE-HEIGHT: 36px; =
PADDING-TOP: 0px; HEIGHT: 36px; TEXT-ALIGN: center
}
#right-sub-content {
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PADDING-BOTTOM: 12px; PADDING-TOP: 12px
}
FORM {
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}
#footer UL {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: =
0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none
}
#footer LI {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 100px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FLOAT: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: =
0px; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 12px/27px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; =
PADDING-TOP: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none
}
#footer .copyright {
	FONT: 11px/27px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif
}
#footer A {
	COLOR: #ffffff; TEXT-DECORATION: none
}

------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C9978B.E4A55AA0
Content-Type: text/css;
	charset="iso-8859-1"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://www.soyinfocenter.com/css/print.css

BODY {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; BACKGROUND: #ffffff; =
PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, =
sans-serif; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
#container {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; BACKGROUND: none transparent =
scroll repeat 0% 0%; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; WIDTH: 650px; =
PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
#header {
	CLEAR: both; BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; WIDTH: =
648px! important; HEIGHT: 133px
}
#header IMG {
	WIDTH: 648px! important
}
#header-sub IMG {
	WIDTH: 650px; BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none
}
#left {
	FLOAT: left; WIDTH: 100px
}
#nav {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: =
0px; WIDTH: 95px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none
}
#nav LI {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; MARGIN: =
0px; PADDING-TOP: 5px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none
}
#nav LI UL {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: =
0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none
}
#nav LI UL LI {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: =
0px; FONT: 8pt Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; PADDING-TOP: 5px; =
LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none
}
#nav A {
	COLOR: #ffffff; TEXT-DECORATION: none
}
#nav LI LI A {
	COLOR: #ffff99; TEXT-DECORATION: none
}
#nav .currentcategory {
	COLOR: #ff9933
}
#nav .currentpage {
	COLOR: #ff9933
}
#nav .noshow {
	DISPLAY: none
}
#nav .search {
	COLOR: #66cc33
}
.searchbox {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #666640 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #666640 1px solid; MARGIN: =
2px 0px; BORDER-LEFT: #666640 1px solid; WIDTH: 105px; BORDER-BOTTOM: =
#666640 1px solid; HEIGHT: 18px; TEXT-ALIGN: right
}
.searchsubmit {
	BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; =
BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% =
0%; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: =
12px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; COLOR: #66cc33; PADDING-TOP: 0px; =
BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px
}
.hang {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 50px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: =
0px; TEXT-INDENT: -3em; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
IMG {
	BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: =
0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px
}
#main-home {
	BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: =
5px; FLOAT: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; =
WIDTH: 438px; PADDING-TOP: 5px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px
}
#main-home DIV {
	WIDTH: 315px; TEXT-ALIGN: center
}
#main-home P {
	TEXT-ALIGN: left
}
#main-home DIV DIV {
	PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; TEXT-ALIGN: left
}
#main-home DIV DIV IMG {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 20px; =
PADDING-TOP: 20px
}
#main-home .divider {
	FLOAT: none; WIDTH: 25px
}
#main-home-banner {
	BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; FLOAT: none
}
#main-home-banner DIV {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; =
PADDING-TOP: 0px; TEXT-ALIGN: center
}
#main-with-right {
	FLOAT: right; WIDTH: 548px
}
#main-with-right H2 {
	PADDING-LEFT: 20px; FONT-SIZE: 10pt
}
#main-sub {
	FLOAT: left; WIDTH: 400px
}
#main-sub H3 {
	PADDING-LEFT: 20px; FONT-SIZE: 10pt
}
#main-sub TABLE IMG {
	WIDTH: 110px; HEIGHT: auto
}
#main-sub H4 {
	FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #000
}
#main-sub TD {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: =
0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
#main-sub TABLE .red12bold A {
	FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #000
}
#main-history {
	FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FLOAT: left; WIDTH: 545px; HEIGHT: auto
}
#main-history P {
	FONT-SIZE: 10pt
}
#main-history H2 {
	PADDING-LEFT: 20px; FONT-SIZE: 10pt
}
#main-history H3 {
	PADDING-LEFT: 20px; FONT-SIZE: 10pt
}
#main-history OL UL {
	FONT-SIZE: 10pt
}
#right-sub {
	FLOAT: right; WIDTH: 140px
}
#right-sub .reviewtitle {
	FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; TEXT-DECORATION: underline
}
#right-sub .review1 {
	FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; TEXT-DECORATION: none
}
#right-sub .review2 {
	FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; TEXT-DECORATION: none
}
FORM {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: =
0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
#main-history-banner {
	DISPLAY: none
}
#footer {
	CLEAR: both; DISPLAY: block; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; BACKGROUND: none =
transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; FONT: 10pt/27px Arial, Helvetica, =
sans-serif; COLOR: #ffffff; HEIGHT: 27px
}
#footer UL {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: =
0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none
}
#footer LI {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 35px; DISPLAY: inline; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FLOAT: none; =
PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 10pt/27px Arial, Helvetica, =
sans-serif; PADDING-TOP: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none
}
#footer .copyright {
	FONT: 9pt/27px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif
}
#footer A {
	COLOR: #ffffff; TEXT-DECORATION: none
}

------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C9978B.E4A55AA0
Content-Type: text/css;
	charset="iso-8859-1"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://www.soyinfocenter.com/css/styles.css

.hometitle {
	FONT: bold 13px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; COLOR: #db812b
}
.reviewtitle {
	FONT: bold 11px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; COLOR: #db812b
}
.review1 {
	FONT: bold 11px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; COLOR: #db812b
}
.review2 {
	FONT: 11px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; COLOR: #ffffff
}
P {
	MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12px
}
H1 {
	MARGIN: 0px; FONT: bold 20px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; COLOR: =
#996600
}
H2 {
	MARGIN: 0px; FONT: bold 15px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; COLOR: =
#996600
}
H3 {
	MARGIN-TOP: 13px; FONT: bold 13px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; COLOR: =
#996600
}
H4 {
	MARGIN: 0px; FONT: bold 13px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; COLOR: =
#333300
}
H5 {
	MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 12px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; COLOR: #333300
}
.righttext {
	COLOR: #333333
}
.maintext {
	FONT: 12px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; COLOR: #333300
}
.protitle1 {
	FONT: bold 11px Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; COLOR: =
#333333
}
.protitle2 {
	FONT: bold 16px Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; COLOR: =
#333333
}
.protitle3 {
	FONT: bold 18px Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; COLOR: =
#333333
}
.protitle4 {
	FONT: bold 18px Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; COLOR: =
#67da57
}
.navlink {
	FONT: 10px Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; COLOR: #ffffff; =
TEXT-ALIGN: center
}
.red12bold {
	FONT: bold 12px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; COLOR: #ff0000
}
.booktitle {
	FONT: bold 13px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; COLOR: #333300
}
.textsubhead12 {
	FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, =
Helvetica, sans-serif
}
.careersubhead12 {
	FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12px; COLOR: #0000cc; FONT-STYLE: italic; =
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: =
underline
}
.careersubhead11 {
	FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 11px; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, =
Helvetica, sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: underline
}
.text11 {
	FONT-SIZE: 11px; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, =
Helvetica, sans-serif
}
.text11-list {
	FONT-SIZE: 11px; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, =
Helvetica, sans-serif; HEIGHT: 18px
}
.text10 {
	FONT-SIZE: 10px; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif
}
.text9 {
	FONT-SIZE: 9px; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif
}
.whiteHeader {
	FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #ffffff; FONT-FAMILY: =
Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif
}
DIV.news {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; OVERFLOW-Y: auto; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; =
PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; SCROLLBAR-HIGHLIGHT-COLOR: white; WIDTH: 221px; =
SCROLLBAR-SHADOW-COLOR: black; SCROLLBAR-3DLIGHT-COLOR: black; =
SCROLLBAR-ARROW-COLOR: #000000; PADDING-TOP: 5px; SCROLLBAR-TRACK-COLOR: =
#ffffff; SCROLLBAR-DARKSHADOW-COLOR: gray; SCROLLBAR-BASE-COLOR: =
#ffffff; HEIGHT: 231px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #dee7ef; =
scrollbar-lightshadow-color: black
}
DIV.events {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; OVERFLOW-Y: auto; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; =
PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; SCROLLBAR-HIGHLIGHT-COLOR: white; WIDTH: 221px; =
SCROLLBAR-SHADOW-COLOR: black; SCROLLBAR-3DLIGHT-COLOR: black; =
SCROLLBAR-ARROW-COLOR: #000000; PADDING-TOP: 5px; SCROLLBAR-TRACK-COLOR: =
#ffffff; SCROLLBAR-DARKSHADOW-COLOR: gray; SCROLLBAR-BASE-COLOR: =
#ffffff; HEIGHT: 145px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #dee7ef; =
scrollbar-lightshadow-color: black
}
.footer {
	FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #808080; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, =
Helvetica, sans-serif
}
.copyright {
	FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #ffffff; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, =
Helvetica, sans-serif
}
A.black {
	FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, =
Helvetica, sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: none
}
A.black:link {
	FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, =
Helvetica, sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: none
}
A.black:visited {
	FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, =
Helvetica, sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: none
}
A.black:hover {
	FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, =
Helvetica, sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: none
}
INPUT.grayBorder100 {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #cccccc 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #cccccc 1px solid; =
BORDER-LEFT: #cccccc 1px solid; WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-BOTTOM: #cccccc 1px =
solid
}
TEXTAREA.grayBorder100 {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #cccccc 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #cccccc 1px solid; =
BORDER-LEFT: #cccccc 1px solid; WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-BOTTOM: #cccccc 1px =
solid
}
INPUT.redBorder100 {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #ff0000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #ff0000 1px solid; =
BORDER-LEFT: #ff0000 1px solid; WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ff0000 1px =
solid
}
.text11RedBold {
	FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 11px; COLOR: #ff0000; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, =
Helvetica, sans-serif
}
.redBorder {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #ff0000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #ff0000 1px solid; =
BORDER-LEFT: #ff0000 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ff0000 1px solid
}
.textField100 {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #cccccc 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #cccccc 1px solid; =
BORDER-LEFT: #cccccc 1px solid; WIDTH: 98%; BORDER-BOTTOM: #cccccc 1px =
solid
}
.textField100Red {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #ff0000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #ff0000 1px solid; =
BORDER-LEFT: #ff0000 1px solid; WIDTH: 98%; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ff0000 1px =
solid
}
TABLE.shipInfo {
	BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse
}
.shipInfo TH {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #006600 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3px; BORDER-TOP: =
#006600 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 3px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; BORDER-LEFT: =
#006600 1px solid; COLOR: #db812b; PADDING-TOP: 3px; BORDER-BOTTOM: =
#006600 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left
}
.shipInfo TD {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #006600 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 4px; BORDER-TOP: =
#006600 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 4px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 4px; BORDER-LEFT: =
#006600 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 4px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #006600 1px solid
}
#main TABLE A {
	COLOR: #0000cc
}
#main TABLE A:hover {
	COLOR: #0000cc
}
#main TABLE A:visited {
	COLOR: #0000cc
}

------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C9978B.E4A55AA0
Content-Type: text/css;
	charset="iso-8859-1"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://www.google.com/uds/css/gsearch.css

.gsc-control {
	WIDTH: 300px
}
.gsc-control DIV {
	POSITION: static
}
FORM.gsc-search-box {
	FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 4px; WIDTH: 100%
}
TABLE.gsc-search-box {
	BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 2px; BORDER-LEFT: =
0px; WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; border-spacing: 0px 0px
}
TABLE.gsc-search-box TD {
	VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle
}
TABLE.gsc-search-box TD.gsc-input {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 2px
}
TD.gsc-search-button {
	WIDTH: 1%
}
TD.gsc-clear-button {
	WIDTH: 14px
}
TABLE.gsc-branding TD {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: =
0px; BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none
}
TABLE.gsc-branding {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: =
0px; BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none
}
TABLE.gsc-branding {
	BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 100%; =
BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; border-spacing: 0px 0px
}
.gsc-branding-text {
	COLOR: #676767
}
TD.gsc-branding-text {
	VERTICAL-ALIGN: top
}
TD.gsc-branding-text DIV.gsc-branding-text {
	FONT-SIZE: 11px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 2px; TEXT-ALIGN: =
right
}
DIV.gsc-branding-youtube TD.gsc-branding-text {
	VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle
}
TD.gsc-branding-img-noclear {
	VERTICAL-ALIGN: bottom; WIDTH: 51px
}
TD.gsc-branding-img {
	VERTICAL-ALIGN: bottom; WIDTH: 65px
}
DIV.gsc-branding-youtube TD.gsc-branding-img-noclear {
	WIDTH: 55px
}
DIV.gsc-branding-youtube TD.gsc-branding-img {
	WIDTH: 69px
}
TABLE.gsc-branding-vertical TD.gsc-branding-text DIV.gsc-branding-text {
	MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px; TEXT-ALIGN: center
}
TABLE.gsc-branding-vertical TD.gsc-branding-img-noclear {
	TEXT-ALIGN: center
}
DIV.gsc-branding-img {
	PADDING-TOP: 1px
}
DIV.gsc-branding-img-noclear {
	PADDING-TOP: 1px
}
IMG.gsc-branding-img {
	PADDING-TOP: 1px
}
IMG.gsc-branding-img-noclear {
	PADDING-TOP: 1px
}
IMG.gsc-branding-img {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: =
0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none
}
IMG.gsc-branding-img-noclear {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: =
0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none
}
A.gsc-branding-clickable {
	CURSOR: pointer
}
INPUT.gsc-search-button {
	MARGIN-LEFT: 2px
}
DIV.gsc-clear-button {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: center center; DISPLAY: inline; PADDING-LEFT: =
10px; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/uds/css/clear.gif); MARGIN-LEFT: 4px; =
CURSOR: pointer; MARGIN-RIGHT: 4px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; =
TEXT-ALIGN: right
}
INPUT.gsc-input {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #bccdf0 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #bccdf0 1px solid; =
PADDING-LEFT: 2px; BORDER-LEFT: #bccdf0 1px solid; WIDTH: 99%; =
BORDER-BOTTOM: #bccdf0 1px solid
}
.gsc-keeper {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 1px 3px; PADDING-LEFT: 16px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; =
FONT-SIZE: 13px; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/uds/css/blue_check.gif); CURSOR: =
pointer; COLOR: #3366cc; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; TEXT-DECORATION: =
underline
}
.gsc-resultsHeader {
	CLEAR: both; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 4px; WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-BOTTOM: #e9e9e9 =
1px solid
}
.gsc-resultsHeader TD.gsc-twiddleRegionCell {
	WIDTH: 75%
}
.gsc-resultsHeader TD.gsc-configLabelCell {
	WIDTH: 75%; TEXT-ALIGN: right
}
.gsc-resultsHeader .gsc-twiddle {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px 2px; MARGIN-TOP: 4px; DISPLAY: inline; CURSOR: =
pointer; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat
}
.gsc-resultsHeader TD.gsc-twiddle-closed DIV.gsc-twiddle {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/uds/css/arrow_close.gif)
}
.gsc-resultsHeader TD.gsc-twiddle-opened DIV.gsc-twiddle {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/uds/css/arrow_open.gif)
}
.gsc-resultsHeader .gsc-title {
	DISPLAY: inline; PADDING-LEFT: 14px; COLOR: #676767; MARGIN-RIGHT: 10px
}
.gsc-resultsHeader .gsc-stats {
	DISPLAY: inline; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 11px; COLOR: #676767
}
.gsc-resultsHeader TD.gsc-twiddle-opened .gsc-stats {
	DISPLAY: none
}
.gsc-results-selector {
	DISPLAY: inline
}
.gsc-resultsHeader TD.gsc-twiddle-closed .gsc-results-selector {
	DISPLAY: none
}
.gsc-result-selector {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: left center; DISPLAY: inline; PADDING-LEFT: 13px; =
FONT-SIZE: 13px; CURSOR: pointer; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat
}
.gsc-one-result {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/uds/css/one-complex-dark.gif)
}
.gsc-more-results {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/uds/css/more-complex-dark.gif)
}
.gsc-all-results {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 1px; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/uds/css/all-complex-dark.gif)
}
.gsc-one-result-active .gsc-one-result {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/uds/css/one-complex-light-blue.gif)
}
.gsc-more-results-active .gsc-more-results {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/uds/css/more-complex-light-blue.gif)
}
.gsc-all-results-active .gsc-all-results {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/uds/css/all-complex-light-blue.gif)
}
.gsc-resultsHeader .gsc-configLabel {
	DISPLAY: inline; FONT-SIZE: 11px; CURSOR: pointer; COLOR: #676767
}
.gsc-resultsHeader TD.gsc-configLabelCell SPAN.gsc-twiddle-closed {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 12px; BACKGROUND-POSITION: center center; =
BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/uds/css/settings.gif); BACKGROUND-REPEAT: =
no-repeat
}
.gsc-tabsArea {
	CLEAR: both; MARGIN-TOP: 6px
}
.gsc-tabsArea .gs-spacer {
	FONT-SIZE: 1px; OVERFLOW: hidden; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px
}
.gsc-tabsArea .gs-spacer-opera {
	MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px
}
.gsc-tabsAreaInvisible {
	DISPLAY: none
}
.gsc-tabHeader {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 6px; DISPLAY: inline; PADDING-LEFT: 6px; CURSOR: =
pointer; MARGIN-RIGHT: 2px
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   xx=3D_uGC(s,"__utmx=3D","&");=0A=
   if ((k*1) !=3D ((_uHash(a+b+c+xx+z+v)*1)+(_udh*1))) =
{_ubl=3D1;a=3D"-";b=3D"-";c=3D"-";xx=3D"-";z=3D"-";v=3D"-";}=0A=
   if (a!=3D"-" && b!=3D"-" && c!=3D"-") f=3D1;=0A=
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 }=0A=
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  _ubd.cookie=3D"__utma=3D"+a+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+nx+_udo;=0A=
  _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmb=3D"+b+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+x+_udo;=0A=
  _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmc=3D"+c+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+_udo;=0A=
 } else if (f=3D=3D2) {=0A=
  a=3D_uFixA(s,"&",_ust);=0A=
  _ubd.cookie=3D"__utma=3D"+a+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+nx+_udo;=0A=
  _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmb=3D"+_udh+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+x+_udo;=0A=
  _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmc=3D"+_udh+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+_udo;=0A=
  _ufns=3D1;=0A=
 } else if (a>=3D0 && b>=3D0 && c>=3D0) {=0A=
   b =3D _uGC(dc,"__utmb=3D"+_udh,";");=0A=
   b =3D ("-" =3D=3D b) ? _udh : b;  =0A=
  _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmb=3D"+b+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+x+_udo;=0A=
 } else {=0A=
  if (a>=3D0) a=3D_uFixA(_ubd.cookie,";",_ust);=0A=
  else {=0A=
   a=3D_udh+"."+_uu+"."+_ust+"."+_ust+"."+_ust+".1";=0A=
   nv=3D1;=0A=
  }=0A=
  _ubd.cookie=3D"__utma=3D"+a+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+nx+_udo;=0A=
  _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmb=3D"+_udh+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+x+_udo;=0A=
  _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmc=3D"+_udh+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+_udo;=0A=
  _ufns=3D1;=0A=
 }=0A=
 if (_ulink && xx && xx!=3D"" && xx!=3D"-") {=0A=
   xx=3D_uUES(xx);=0A=
   if (xx.indexOf(";")=3D=3D-1) _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmx=3D"+xx+"; =
path=3D"+_utcp+";"+nx+_udo;=0A=
 }=0A=
 if (_ulink && v && v!=3D"" && v!=3D"-") {=0A=
  v=3D_uUES(v);=0A=
  if (v.indexOf(";")=3D=3D-1) _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmv=3D"+v+"; =
path=3D"+_utcp+";"+nx+_udo;=0A=
 }=0A=
 var wc=3Dwindow;=0A=
 var c=3D_ubd.cookie;=0A=
 if(wc && wc.gaGlobal && wc.gaGlobal.dh=3D=3D_udh){=0A=
  var g=3Dwc.gaGlobal;=0A=
  var ua=3Dc.split("__utma=3D"+_udh+".")[1].split(";")[0].split(".");=0A=
  if(g.sid)ua[3]=3Dg.sid;=0A=
  if(nv>0){=0A=
   ua[2]=3Dua[3];=0A=
   if(g.vid){=0A=
    var v=3Dg.vid.split(".");=0A=
    ua[0]=3Dv[0];=0A=
    ua[1]=3Dv[1];=0A=
   }=0A=
  }=0A=
  _ubd.cookie=3D"__utma=3D"+_udh+"."+ua.join(".")+"; =
path=3D"+_utcp+";"+nx+_udo;=0A=
 }=0A=
 _uInfo(page);=0A=
 _ufns=3D0;=0A=
 _ufno=3D0;=0A=
 if (!page || page=3D=3D"") _uff=3D1;=0A=
}=0A=
function _uGH() {=0A=
 var hid;=0A=
 var wc=3Dwindow;=0A=
 if (wc && wc.gaGlobal && wc.gaGlobal.hid) {=0A=
  hid=3Dwc.gaGlobal.hid;=0A=
 } else {=0A=
  hid=3DMath.round(Math.random()*0x7fffffff);=0A=
  if (!wc.gaGlobal) wc.gaGlobal=3D{};=0A=
  wc.gaGlobal.hid=3Dhid;=0A=
 }=0A=
 return hid;=0A=
}=0A=
function _uInfo(page) {=0A=
 var p,s=3D"",dm=3D"",pg=3D_udl.pathname+_udl.search;=0A=
 if (page && page!=3D"") pg=3D_uES(page,1);=0A=
 _ur=3D_ubd.referrer;=0A=
 if (!_ur || _ur=3D=3D"") { _ur=3D"-"; }=0A=
 else {=0A=
  dm=3D_ubd.domain;=0A=
  if(_utcp && _utcp!=3D"/") dm+=3D_utcp;=0A=
  p=3D_ur.indexOf(dm);=0A=
  if ((p>=3D0) && (p<=3D8)) { _ur=3D"0"; }=0A=
  if (_ur.indexOf("[")=3D=3D0 && =
_ur.lastIndexOf("]")=3D=3D(_ur.length-1)) { _ur=3D"-"; }=0A=
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 s+=3D"&utmn=3D"+_uu;=0A=
 if (_ufsc) s+=3D_uBInfo();=0A=
 if (_uctm) s+=3D_uCInfo();=0A=
 if (_utitle && _ubd.title && _ubd.title!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmdt=3D"+_uES(_ubd.title);=0A=
 if (_udl.hostname && _udl.hostname!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmhn=3D"+_uES(_udl.hostname);=0A=
 if (_usample && _usample !=3D 100) s+=3D"&utmsp=3D"+_uES(_usample);=0A=
 s+=3D"&utmhid=3D"+_uGH();=0A=
 s+=3D"&utmr=3D"+_ur;=0A=
 s+=3D"&utmp=3D"+pg;=0A=
 if ((_userv=3D=3D0 || _userv=3D=3D2) && _uSP()) {=0A=
  var i=3Dnew Image(1,1);=0A=
  i.src=3D_ugifpath+"?"+"utmwv=3D"+_uwv+s;=0A=
  i.onload=3Dfunction() { _uVoid(); }=0A=
 }=0A=
 if ((_userv=3D=3D1 || _userv=3D=3D2) && _uSP()) {=0A=
  var i2=3Dnew Image(1,1);=0A=
  =
i2.src=3D_ugifpath2+"?"+"utmwv=3D"+_uwv+s+"&utmac=3D"+_uacct+"&utmcc=3D"+=
_uGCS();=0A=
  i2.onload=3Dfunction() { _uVoid(); }=0A=
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 return;=0A=
}=0A=
function _uVoid() { return; }=0A=
function _uCInfo() {=0A=
 if (!_ucto || _ucto=3D=3D"") { _ucto=3D"15768000"; }=0A=
 if (!_uVG()) return;=0A=
 var =
c=3D"",t=3D"-",t2=3D"-",t3=3D"-",o=3D0,cs=3D0,cn=3D0,i=3D0,z=3D"-",s=3D""=
;=0A=
 if (_uanchor && _udlh && _udlh!=3D"") s=3D_udlh+"&";=0A=
 s+=3D_udl.search;=0A=
 var x=3Dnew Date(_udt.getTime()+(_ucto*1000));=0A=
 var dc=3D_ubd.cookie;=0A=
 x=3D" expires=3D"+x.toGMTString()+";";=0A=
 if (_ulink && !_ubl) {=0A=
  z=3D_uUES(_uGC(s,"__utmz=3D","&"));=0A=
  if (z!=3D"-" && z.indexOf(";")=3D=3D-1) { =
_ubd.cookie=3D"__utmz=3D"+z+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+x+_udo; return ""; }=0A=
 }=0A=
 z=3Ddc.indexOf("__utmz=3D"+_udh+".");=0A=
 if (z>-1) { z=3D_uGC(dc,"__utmz=3D"+_udh+".",";"); }=0A=
 else { z=3D"-"; }=0A=
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 t2=3D_uGC(s,_ucsr+"=3D","&");=0A=
 t3=3D_uGC(s,"gclid=3D","&");=0A=
 if ((t!=3D"-" && t!=3D"") || (t2!=3D"-" && t2!=3D"") || (t3!=3D"-" && =
t3!=3D"")) {=0A=
  if (t!=3D"-" && t!=3D"") c+=3D"utmcid=3D"+_uEC(t);=0A=
  if (t2!=3D"-" && t2!=3D"") { if (c !=3D "") c+=3D"|"; =
c+=3D"utmcsr=3D"+_uEC(t2); }=0A=
  if (t3!=3D"-" && t3!=3D"") { if (c !=3D "") c+=3D"|"; =
c+=3D"utmgclid=3D"+_uEC(t3); }=0A=
  t=3D_uGC(s,_uccn+"=3D","&");=0A=
  if (t!=3D"-" && t!=3D"") c+=3D"|utmccn=3D"+_uEC(t);=0A=
  else c+=3D"|utmccn=3D(not+set)";=0A=
  t=3D_uGC(s,_ucmd+"=3D","&");=0A=
  if (t!=3D"-" && t!=3D"") c+=3D"|utmcmd=3D"+_uEC(t);=0A=
  else  c+=3D"|utmcmd=3D(not+set)";=0A=
  t=3D_uGC(s,_uctr+"=3D","&");=0A=
  if (t!=3D"-" && t!=3D"") c+=3D"|utmctr=3D"+_uEC(t);=0A=
  else { t=3D_uOrg(1); if (t!=3D"-" && t!=3D"") =
c+=3D"|utmctr=3D"+_uEC(t); }=0A=
  t=3D_uGC(s,_ucct+"=3D","&");=0A=
  if (t!=3D"-" && t!=3D"") c+=3D"|utmcct=3D"+_uEC(t);=0A=
  t=3D_uGC(s,_ucno+"=3D","&");=0A=
  if (t=3D=3D"1") o=3D1;=0A=
  if (z!=3D"-" && o=3D=3D1) return "";=0A=
 }=0A=
 if (c=3D=3D"-" || c=3D=3D"") { c=3D_uOrg(); if (z!=3D"-" && =
_ufno=3D=3D1)  return ""; }=0A=
 if (c=3D=3D"-" || c=3D=3D"") { if (_ufns=3D=3D1)  c=3D_uRef(); if =
(z!=3D"-" && _ufno=3D=3D1)  return ""; }=0A=
 if (c=3D=3D"-" || c=3D=3D"") {=0A=
  if (z=3D=3D"-" && _ufns=3D=3D1) { =
c=3D"utmccn=3D(direct)|utmcsr=3D(direct)|utmcmd=3D(none)"; }=0A=
  if (c=3D=3D"-" || c=3D=3D"") return "";=0A=
 }=0A=
 if (z!=3D"-") {=0A=
  i=3Dz.indexOf(".");=0A=
  if (i>-1) i=3Dz.indexOf(".",i+1);=0A=
  if (i>-1) i=3Dz.indexOf(".",i+1);=0A=
  if (i>-1) i=3Dz.indexOf(".",i+1);=0A=
  t=3Dz.substring(i+1,z.length);=0A=
  if (t.toLowerCase()=3D=3Dc.toLowerCase()) cs=3D1;=0A=
  t=3Dz.substring(0,i);=0A=
  if ((i=3Dt.lastIndexOf(".")) > -1) {=0A=
   t=3Dt.substring(i+1,t.length);=0A=
   cn=3D(t*1);=0A=
  }=0A=
 }=0A=
 if (cs=3D=3D0 || _ufns=3D=3D1) {=0A=
  t=3D_uGC(dc,"__utma=3D"+_udh+".",";");=0A=
  if ((i=3Dt.lastIndexOf(".")) > 9) {=0A=
   _uns=3Dt.substring(i+1,t.length);=0A=
   _uns=3D(_uns*1);=0A=
  }=0A=
  cn++;=0A=
  if (_uns=3D=3D0) _uns=3D1;=0A=
  _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmz=3D"+_udh+"."+_ust+"."+_uns+"."+cn+"."+c+"; =
path=3D"+_utcp+"; "+x+_udo;=0A=
 }=0A=
 if (cs=3D=3D0 || _ufns=3D=3D1) return "&utmcn=3D1";=0A=
 else return "&utmcr=3D1";=0A=
}=0A=
function _uRef() {=0A=
 if (_ur=3D=3D"0" || _ur=3D=3D"" || _ur=3D=3D"-") return "";=0A=
 var i=3D0,h,k,n;=0A=
 if ((i=3D_ur.indexOf("://"))<0 || _uGCse()) return "";=0A=
 h=3D_ur.substring(i+3,_ur.length);=0A=
 if (h.indexOf("/") > -1) {=0A=
  k=3Dh.substring(h.indexOf("/"),h.length);=0A=
  if (k.indexOf("?") > -1) k=3Dk.substring(0,k.indexOf("?"));=0A=
  h=3Dh.substring(0,h.indexOf("/"));=0A=
 }=0A=
 h=3Dh.toLowerCase();=0A=
 n=3Dh;=0A=
 if ((i=3Dn.indexOf(":")) > -1) n=3Dn.substring(0,i);=0A=
 for (var ii=3D0;ii<_uRno.length;ii++) {=0A=
  if ((i=3Dn.indexOf(_uRno[ii].toLowerCase())) > -1 && =
n.length=3D=3D(i+_uRno[ii].length)) { _ufno=3D1; break; }=0A=
 }=0A=
 if (h.indexOf("www.")=3D=3D0) h=3Dh.substring(4,h.length);=0A=
 return =
"utmccn=3D(referral)|utmcsr=3D"+_uEC(h)+"|"+"utmcct=3D"+_uEC(k)+"|utmcmd=3D=
referral";=0A=
}=0A=
function _uOrg(t) {=0A=
 if (_ur=3D=3D"0" || _ur=3D=3D"" || _ur=3D=3D"-") return "";=0A=
 var i=3D0,h,k;=0A=
 if ((i=3D_ur.indexOf("://"))<0 || _uGCse()) return "";=0A=
 h=3D_ur.substring(i+3,_ur.length);=0A=
 if (h.indexOf("/") > -1) {=0A=
  h=3Dh.substring(0,h.indexOf("/"));=0A=
 }=0A=
 for (var ii=3D0;ii<_uOsr.length;ii++) {=0A=
  if (h.toLowerCase().indexOf(_uOsr[ii].toLowerCase()) > -1) {=0A=
   if ((i=3D_ur.indexOf("?"+_uOkw[ii]+"=3D")) > -1 || =
(i=3D_ur.indexOf("&"+_uOkw[ii]+"=3D")) > -1) {=0A=
    k=3D_ur.substring(i+_uOkw[ii].length+2,_ur.length);=0A=
    if ((i=3Dk.indexOf("&")) > -1) k=3Dk.substring(0,i);=0A=
    for (var yy=3D0;yy<_uOno.length;yy++) {=0A=
     if (_uOno[yy].toLowerCase()=3D=3Dk.toLowerCase()) { _ufno=3D1; =
break; }=0A=
    }=0A=
    if (t) return _uEC(k);=0A=
    else return =
"utmccn=3D(organic)|utmcsr=3D"+_uEC(_uOsr[ii])+"|"+"utmctr=3D"+_uEC(k)+"|=
utmcmd=3Dorganic";=0A=
   }=0A=
  }=0A=
 }=0A=
 return "";=0A=
}=0A=
function _uGCse() {=0A=
 var h,p;=0A=
 h=3Dp=3D_ur.split("://")[1];=0A=
 if(h.indexOf("/")>-1) {=0A=
  h=3Dh.split("/")[0];=0A=
  p=3Dp.substring(p.indexOf("/")+1,p.length);=0A=
 }=0A=
 if(p.indexOf("?")>-1) {=0A=
  p=3Dp.split("?")[0];=0A=
 }=0A=
 if(h.toLowerCase().indexOf("google")>-1) {=0A=
  if(_ur.indexOf("?q=3D")>-1 || _ur.indexOf("&q=3D")>-1) {=0A=
   if (p.toLowerCase().indexOf("cse")>-1) {=0A=
    return true;=0A=
   }=0A=
  }=0A=
 }=0A=
}=0A=
function _uBInfo() {=0A=
 var sr=3D"-",sc=3D"-",ul=3D"-",fl=3D"-",cs=3D"-",je=3D1;=0A=
 var n=3Dnavigator;=0A=
 if (self.screen) {=0A=
  sr=3Dscreen.width+"x"+screen.height;=0A=
  sc=3Dscreen.colorDepth+"-bit";=0A=
 } else if (self.java) {=0A=
  var j=3Djava.awt.Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit();=0A=
  var s=3Dj.getScreenSize();=0A=
  sr=3Ds.width+"x"+s.height;=0A=
 }=0A=
 if (n.language) { ul=3Dn.language.toLowerCase(); }=0A=
 else if (n.browserLanguage) { ul=3Dn.browserLanguage.toLowerCase(); }=0A=
 je=3Dn.javaEnabled()?1:0;=0A=
 if (_uflash) fl=3D_uFlash();=0A=
 if (_ubd.characterSet) cs=3D_uES(_ubd.characterSet);=0A=
 else if (_ubd.charset) cs=3D_uES(_ubd.charset);=0A=
 return =
"&utmcs=3D"+cs+"&utmsr=3D"+sr+"&utmsc=3D"+sc+"&utmul=3D"+ul+"&utmje=3D"+j=
e+"&utmfl=3D"+fl;=0A=
}=0A=
function __utmSetTrans() {=0A=
 var e;=0A=
 if (_ubd.getElementById) e=3D_ubd.getElementById("utmtrans");=0A=
 else if (_ubd.utmform && _ubd.utmform.utmtrans) =
e=3D_ubd.utmform.utmtrans;=0A=
 if (!e) return;=0A=
 var l=3De.value.split("UTM:");=0A=
 var i,i2,c;=0A=
 if (_userv=3D=3D0 || _userv=3D=3D2) i=3Dnew Array();=0A=
 if (_userv=3D=3D1 || _userv=3D=3D2) { i2=3Dnew Array(); c=3D_uGCS(); }=0A=
=0A=
 for (var ii=3D0;ii<l.length;ii++) {=0A=
  l[ii]=3D_uTrim(l[ii]);=0A=
  if (l[ii].charAt(0)!=3D'T' && l[ii].charAt(0)!=3D'I') continue;=0A=
  var r=3DMath.round(Math.random()*2147483647);=0A=
  if (!_utsp || _utsp=3D=3D"") _utsp=3D"|";=0A=
  var f=3Dl[ii].split(_utsp),s=3D"";=0A=
  if (f[0].charAt(0)=3D=3D'T') {=0A=
   s=3D"&utmt=3Dtran"+"&utmn=3D"+r;=0A=
   f[1]=3D_uTrim(f[1]); if(f[1]&&f[1]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmtid=3D"+_uES(f[1]);=0A=
   f[2]=3D_uTrim(f[2]); if(f[2]&&f[2]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmtst=3D"+_uES(f[2]);=0A=
   f[3]=3D_uTrim(f[3]); if(f[3]&&f[3]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmtto=3D"+_uES(f[3]);=0A=
   f[4]=3D_uTrim(f[4]); if(f[4]&&f[4]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmttx=3D"+_uES(f[4]);=0A=
   f[5]=3D_uTrim(f[5]); if(f[5]&&f[5]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmtsp=3D"+_uES(f[5]);=0A=
   f[6]=3D_uTrim(f[6]); if(f[6]&&f[6]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmtci=3D"+_uES(f[6]);=0A=
   f[7]=3D_uTrim(f[7]); if(f[7]&&f[7]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmtrg=3D"+_uES(f[7]);=0A=
   f[8]=3D_uTrim(f[8]); if(f[8]&&f[8]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmtco=3D"+_uES(f[8]);=0A=
  } else {=0A=
   s=3D"&utmt=3Ditem"+"&utmn=3D"+r;=0A=
   f[1]=3D_uTrim(f[1]); if(f[1]&&f[1]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmtid=3D"+_uES(f[1]);=0A=
   f[2]=3D_uTrim(f[2]); if(f[2]&&f[2]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmipc=3D"+_uES(f[2]);=0A=
   f[3]=3D_uTrim(f[3]); if(f[3]&&f[3]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmipn=3D"+_uES(f[3]);=0A=
   f[4]=3D_uTrim(f[4]); if(f[4]&&f[4]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmiva=3D"+_uES(f[4]);=0A=
   f[5]=3D_uTrim(f[5]); if(f[5]&&f[5]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmipr=3D"+_uES(f[5]);=0A=
   f[6]=3D_uTrim(f[6]); if(f[6]&&f[6]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmiqt=3D"+_uES(f[6]);=0A=
  }=0A=
  if (_udl.hostname && _udl.hostname!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmhn=3D"+_uES(_udl.hostname);=0A=
  if (_usample && _usample !=3D 100) s+=3D"&utmsp=3D"+_uES(_usample);=0A=
=0A=
  if ((_userv=3D=3D0 || _userv=3D=3D2) && _uSP()) {=0A=
   i[ii]=3Dnew Image(1,1);=0A=
   i[ii].src=3D_ugifpath+"?"+"utmwv=3D"+_uwv+s;=0A=
   i[ii].onload=3Dfunction() { _uVoid(); }=0A=
  }=0A=
  if ((_userv=3D=3D1 || _userv=3D=3D2) && _uSP()) {=0A=
   i2[ii]=3Dnew Image(1,1);=0A=
   =
i2[ii].src=3D_ugifpath2+"?"+"utmwv=3D"+_uwv+s+"&utmac=3D"+_uacct+"&utmcc=3D=
"+c;=0A=
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}=0A=
function _uFlash() {=0A=
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  var fl;=0A=
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  }=0A=
  if (f =3D=3D "-") {=0A=
   try {=0A=
    fl =3D new ActiveXObject("ShockwaveFlash.ShockwaveFlash");=0A=
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}=0A=
function __utmLinkerUrl(l,h) {=0A=
 var p,k,a=3D"-",b=3D"-",c=3D"-",x=3D"-",z=3D"-",v=3D"-";=0A=
 var dc=3D_ubd.cookie;=0A=
 var iq =3D l.indexOf("?");=0A=
 var ih =3D l.indexOf("#");=0A=
 var url=3Dl;=0A=
 if (dc) {=0A=
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  b=3D_uES(_uGC(dc,"__utmb=3D"+_udh,";"));=0A=
  c=3D_uES(_uGC(dc,"__utmc=3D"+_udh,";"));=0A=
  x=3D_uES(_uGC(dc,"__utmx=3D"+_udh,";"));=0A=
  z=3D_uES(_uGC(dc,"__utmz=3D"+_udh+".",";"));=0A=
  v=3D_uES(_uGC(dc,"__utmv=3D"+_udh+".",";"));=0A=
  k=3D(_uHash(a+b+c+x+z+v)*1)+(_udh*1);=0A=
  =
p=3D"__utma=3D"+a+"&__utmb=3D"+b+"&__utmc=3D"+c+"&__utmx=3D"+x+"&__utmz=3D=
"+z+"&__utmv=3D"+v+"&__utmk=3D"+k;=0A=
 }=0A=
 if (p) {=0A=
  if (h && ih>-1) return;=0A=
  if (h) { url=3Dl+"#"+p; }=0A=
  else {=0A=
   if (iq=3D=3D-1 && ih=3D=3D-1) url=3Dl+"?"+p;=0A=
   else if (ih=3D=3D-1) url=3Dl+"&"+p;=0A=
   else if (iq=3D=3D-1) url=3Dl.substring(0,ih-1)+"?"+p+l.substring(ih);=0A=
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  }=0A=
 }=0A=
 return url;=0A=
}=0A=
function __utmLinker(l,h) {=0A=
 if (!_ulink || !l || l=3D=3D"") return;=0A=
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}=0A=
function __utmLinkPost(f,h) {=0A=
 if (!_ulink || !f || !f.action) return;=0A=
 f.action=3D__utmLinkerUrl(f.action, h);=0A=
 return;=0A=
}=0A=
function __utmSetVar(v) {=0A=
 if (!v || v=3D=3D"") return;=0A=
 if (!_udo || _udo =3D=3D "") {=0A=
  _udh=3D_uDomain();=0A=
  if (_udn && _udn!=3D"") { _udo=3D" domain=3D"+_udn+";"; }=0A=
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 if (!_uVG()) return;=0A=
 var r=3DMath.round(Math.random() * 2147483647);=0A=
 _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmv=3D"+_udh+"."+_uES(v)+"; path=3D"+_utcp+"; =
expires=3D"+_uNx()+";"+_udo;=0A=
 var s=3D"&utmt=3Dvar&utmn=3D"+r;=0A=
 if (_usample && _usample !=3D 100) s+=3D"&utmsp=3D"+_uES(_usample);=0A=
 if ((_userv=3D=3D0 || _userv=3D=3D2) && _uSP()) {=0A=
  var i=3Dnew Image(1,1);=0A=
  i.src=3D_ugifpath+"?"+"utmwv=3D"+_uwv+s;=0A=
  i.onload=3Dfunction() { _uVoid(); }=0A=
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 if ((_userv=3D=3D1 || _userv=3D=3D2) && _uSP()) {=0A=
  var i2=3Dnew Image(1,1);=0A=
  =
i2.src=3D_ugifpath2+"?"+"utmwv=3D"+_uwv+s+"&utmac=3D"+_uacct+"&utmcc=3D"+=
_uGCS();=0A=
  i2.onload=3Dfunction() { _uVoid(); }=0A=
 }=0A=
}=0A=
function _uGCS() {=0A=
 var t,c=3D"",dc=3D_ubd.cookie;=0A=
 if ((t=3D_uGC(dc,"__utma=3D"+_udh+".",";"))!=3D"-") =
c+=3D_uES("__utma=3D"+t+";+");=0A=
 if ((t=3D_uGC(dc,"__utmx=3D"+_udh,";"))!=3D"-") =
c+=3D_uES("__utmx=3D"+t+";+");=0A=
 if ((t=3D_uGC(dc,"__utmz=3D"+_udh+".",";"))!=3D"-") =
c+=3D_uES("__utmz=3D"+t+";+");=0A=
 if ((t=3D_uGC(dc,"__utmv=3D"+_udh+".",";"))!=3D"-") =
c+=3D_uES("__utmv=3D"+t+";");=0A=
 if (c.charAt(c.length-1)=3D=3D"+") c=3Dc.substring(0,c.length-1);=0A=
 return c;=0A=
}=0A=
function _uGC(l,n,s) {=0A=
 if (!l || l=3D=3D"" || !n || n=3D=3D"" || !s || s=3D=3D"") return "-";=0A=
 var i,i2,i3,c=3D"-";=0A=
 i=3Dl.indexOf(n);=0A=
 i3=3Dn.indexOf("=3D")+1;=0A=
 if (i > -1) {=0A=
  i2=3Dl.indexOf(s,i); if (i2 < 0) { i2=3Dl.length; }=0A=
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 return c;=0A=
}=0A=
function _uDomain() {=0A=
 if (!_udn || _udn=3D=3D"" || _udn=3D=3D"none") { _udn=3D""; return 1; }=0A=
 if (_udn=3D=3D"auto") {=0A=
  var d=3D_ubd.domain;=0A=
  if (d.substring(0,4)=3D=3D"www.") {=0A=
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  _udn=3Dd;=0A=
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 if (_uhash=3D=3D"off") return 1;=0A=
 return _uHash(_udn);=0A=
}=0A=
function _uHash(d) {=0A=
 if (!d || d=3D=3D"") return 1;=0A=
 var h=3D0,g=3D0;=0A=
 for (var i=3Dd.length-1;i>=3D0;i--) {=0A=
  var c=3DparseInt(d.charCodeAt(i));=0A=
  h=3D((h << 6) & 0xfffffff) + c + (c << 14);=0A=
  if ((g=3Dh & 0xfe00000)!=3D0) h=3D(h ^ (g >> 21));=0A=
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 return h;=0A=
}=0A=
function _uFixA(c,s,t) {=0A=
 if (!c || c=3D=3D"" || !s || s=3D=3D"" || !t || t=3D=3D"") return "-";=0A=
 var a=3D_uGC(c,"__utma=3D"+_udh+".",s);=0A=
 var lt=3D0,i=3D0;=0A=
 if ((i=3Da.lastIndexOf(".")) > 9) {=0A=
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  _uns=3D(_uns*1)+1;=0A=
  a=3Da.substring(0,i);=0A=
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   lt=3Da.substring(i+1,a.length);=0A=
   a=3Da.substring(0,i);=0A=
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   a=3Da.substring(0,i);=0A=
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  a+=3D"."+lt+"."+t+"."+_uns;=0A=
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 return a;=0A=
}=0A=
function _uTrim(s) {=0A=
  if (!s || s=3D=3D"") return "";=0A=
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(s.charAt(0,1)=3D=3D'\r')) s=3Ds.substring(1,s.length);=0A=
  while ((s.charAt(s.length-1)=3D=3D' ') || =
(s.charAt(s.length-1)=3D=3D'\n') || (s.charAt(s.length-1)=3D=3D'\r')) =
s=3Ds.substring(0,s.length-1);=0A=
  return s;=0A=
}=0A=
function _uEC(s) {=0A=
  var n=3D"";=0A=
  if (!s || s=3D=3D"") return "";=0A=
  for (var i=3D0;i<s.length;i++) {if (s.charAt(i)=3D=3D" ") n+=3D"+"; =
else n+=3Ds.charAt(i);}=0A=
  return n;=0A=
}=0A=
function __utmVisitorCode(f) {=0A=
 var r=3D0,t=3D0,i=3D0,i2=3D0,m=3D31;=0A=
 var a=3D_uGC(_ubd.cookie,"__utma=3D"+_udh+".",";");=0A=
 if ((i=3Da.indexOf(".",0))<0) return;=0A=
 if ((i2=3Da.indexOf(".",i+1))>0) r=3Da.substring(i+1,i2); else return =
"";  =0A=
 if ((i=3Da.indexOf(".",i2+1))>0) t=3Da.substring(i2+1,i); else return =
"";  =0A=
 if (f) {=0A=
  return r;=0A=
 } else {=0A=
  var c=3Dnew =
Array('A','B','C','D','E','F','G','H','J','K','L','M','N','P','R','S','T'=
,'U','V','W','X','Y','Z','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9');=0A=
  return =
c[r>>28&m]+c[r>>23&m]+c[r>>18&m]+c[r>>13&m]+"-"+c[r>>8&m]+c[r>>3&m]+c[((r=
&7)<<2)+(t>>30&3)]+c[t>>25&m]+c[t>>20&m]+"-"+c[t>>15&m]+c[t>>10&m]+c[t>>5=
&m]+c[t&m];=0A=
 }=0A=
}=0A=
function _uIN(n) {=0A=
 if (!n) return false;=0A=
 for (var i=3D0;i<n.length;i++) {=0A=
  var c=3Dn.charAt(i);=0A=
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 return true;=0A=
}=0A=
function _uES(s,u) {=0A=
 if (typeof(encodeURIComponent) =3D=3D 'function') {=0A=
  if (u) return encodeURI(s);=0A=
  else return encodeURIComponent(s);=0A=
 } else {=0A=
  return escape(s);=0A=
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}=0A=
function _uUES(s) {=0A=
 if (typeof(decodeURIComponent) =3D=3D 'function') {=0A=
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  return unescape(s);=0A=
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}=0A=
function _uVG() {=0A=
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=3D=3D 0 || _udn.indexOf("google.") =3D=3D 0) && _utcp=3D=3D'/' && =
_udn.indexOf("google.org")=3D=3D-1) {=0A=
  return false;=0A=
 }=0A=
 return true;=0A=
}=0A=
function _uSP() {=0A=
 var s=3D100;=0A=
 if (_usample) s=3D_usample;=0A=
 if(s>=3D100 || s<=3D0) return true;=0A=
 return ((__utmVisitorCode(1)%10000)<(s*100));=0A=
}=0A=
function urchinPathCopy(p){=0A=
 var d=3Ddocument,nx,tx,sx,i,c,cs,t,h,o;=0A=
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 tx=3Dnew Date(); tx.setTime(tx.getTime()+(_utimeout*1000));=0A=
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 sx=3Dnew Date(); sx.setTime(sx.getTime()+(_ucto*1000));=0A=
 sx=3Dsx.toGMTString()+";";=0A=
 for (i=3D0;i<6;i++){=0A=
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  if (i=3D=3D1) t+=3Dtx; else if (i=3D=3D2) t=3D""; else if (i=3D=3D5) =
t+=3Dsx; else t+=3Dnx;=0A=
  c=3D_uGC(d.cookie,"__utm"+cs[i]+"=3D"+h,";");=0A=
  if (c!=3D"-") d.cookie=3D"__utm"+cs[i]+"=3D"+c+"; path=3D"+p+";"+t+o;=0A=
 }=0A=
}=0A=
function _uCO() {=0A=
 if (!_utk || _utk=3D=3D"" || _utk.length<10) return;=0A=
 var d=3D'www.google.com';=0A=
 if (_utk.charAt(0)=3D=3D'!') d=3D'analytics.corp.google.com';=0A=
 _ubd.cookie=3D"GASO=3D"+_utk+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+_udo;=0A=
 var sc=3Ddocument.createElement('script');=0A=
 sc.type=3D'text/javascript';=0A=
 sc.id=3D"_gasojs";=0A=
 =
sc.src=3D'https://'+d+'/analytics/reporting/overlay_js?gaso=3D'+_utk+'&'+=
Math.random();=0A=
 document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(sc);  =0A=
}=0A=
function _uGT() {=0A=
 var h=3Dlocation.hash, a;=0A=
 if (h && h!=3D"" && h.indexOf("#gaso=3D")=3D=3D0) {=0A=
  a=3D_uGC(h,"gaso=3D","&");=0A=
 } else {=0A=
  a=3D_uGC(_ubd.cookie,"GASO=3D",";");=0A=
 }=0A=
 return a;=0A=
}=0A=
var _utk=3D_uGT();=0A=
if (_utk && _utk!=3D"" && _utk.length>10 && _utk.indexOf("=3D")=3D=3D-1) =
{=0A=
 if (window.addEventListener) {=0A=
  window.addEventListener('load', _uCO, false); =0A=
 } else if (window.attachEvent) { =0A=
  window.attachEvent('onload', _uCO);=0A=
 }=0A=
}=0A=
=0A=
function _uNx() {=0A=
  return (new Date((new Date()).getTime()+63072000000)).toGMTString();=0A=
}=0A=

------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C9978B.E4A55AA0--
